From where is the hormone glucagon secreted?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) α-Cells of the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the α-cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low blood glucose levels. Glucagon plays a crucial role in increasing blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. Option A) F cells of the islets of Langerhans is incorrect because F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide, not glucagon. Option B) β-Cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin, which acts to lower blood glucose levels, opposite to the function of glucagon. Option D) Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete somatostatin, which plays a role in regulating the secretion of both insulin and glucagon. Understanding the source of hormones like glucagon is essential in comprehending the intricate hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels in the endocrine system. Knowing the specific cells within the pancreas that secrete different hormones helps in understanding how these hormones work together to maintain glucose homeostasis in the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D: Administer glucagon 1 mg intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously. This is the correct course of action because the patient is unconscious, indicating severe hypoglycemia, which requires immediate intervention to raise blood glucose levels. Option A (Have the patient drink some orange juice) is not appropriate in this case as the patient is unconscious and unable to swallow safely. Option B (Administer 10 U of regular insulin subcutaneously) would further lower blood glucose levels, exacerbating the hypoglycemia. Option C (Call for an ambulance to transport the patient to a medical facility) delays immediate intervention needed for a patient in this critical condition. Educationally, it is vital for healthcare professionals and family members of diabetic patients to understand the emergency management of hypoglycemia. Training on the administration of glucagon and recognizing the signs of severe hypoglycemia can be life-saving. Immediate intervention with glucagon can help restore the patient's blood glucose levels and prevent further complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) A urine specific gravity of 1.002. Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is a synthetic form of vasopressin used to treat diabetes insipidus by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. A urine specific gravity of 1.002 indicates that the urine is too dilute, suggesting that the medication is not working effectively to concentrate the urine. Option A) Headache and weight gain are not indicative of desmopressin acetate's therapeutic effect but could be side effects of the medication or other factors. Option C) Nasal irritation and nausea are common side effects of nasal desmopressin administration and do not necessarily indicate the medication's therapeutic effectiveness. Option D) An oral intake greater than urinary output would be expected in a patient with diabetes insipidus who is responding well to desmopressin acetate as the medication helps to reduce excessive urination and fluid loss. Educationally, understanding the expected therapeutic effects of medications used in endocrine disorders is crucial for nurses to assess and manage patients effectively. Monitoring urine specific gravity is a key aspect of evaluating the response to desmopressin acetate therapy in patients with diabetes insipidus. This knowledge helps nurses provide safe and quality care to patients with endocrine conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D) Hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands, leading to increased levels of calcium in the blood. This excess of PTH can result in the release of calcium from the bones, causing bone density loss and increasing the risk of conditions like osteoporosis. Option A) SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) is unlikely to cause bone density loss as it primarily affects water balance in the body, not calcium metabolism. Option B) Cushing syndrome is associated with excess cortisol production, which can lead to bone loss, but it typically presents with other symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and changes in body composition. Option C) Hypothyroidism can also impact bone health, but it usually results in decreased bone turnover rather than the rapid bone loss seen in this case. Educationally, understanding the relationship between endocrine disorders and bone health is crucial in clinical practice. Hyperparathyroidism's effect on bone density underscores the importance of early detection and management to prevent complications like fractures. This question also highlights the interconnectedness of different endocrine systems and the need for a comprehensive approach to patient care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, option A is the correct answer, and here's the detailed rationale: A) each ounce of alcohol contains approximately 50 calories Rationale: The correct answer is A because alcohol contains calories, and each gram of alcohol provides approximately 7 calories. Therefore, each ounce of alcohol contains around 50 calories. For a diabetic patient like Mr. Olson on a specific 1500-calorie diabetic diet, it is crucial to account for the calories from alcohol to maintain proper blood sugar levels and overall health. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: B) the bourbon should be mixed with 7-Up or ginger-ale rather than water This option is incorrect as mixing bourbon with sugary beverages like 7-Up or ginger-ale would increase the overall caloric intake and may negatively impact blood sugar levels, making it unsuitable for a diabetic following a specific diet plan. C) the caloric content of the alcohol must be subtracted from the total diet prescription While it is essential to consider the caloric content of alcohol in the overall diet, simply subtracting the calories from alcohol may not provide a comprehensive approach to managing diabetes and may overlook other important dietary considerations such as macronutrient balance and meal timing. D) Fermented spirits (beer, wine) would be better if he insists on a nightly drink This option is incorrect because different types of alcoholic beverages have varying effects on blood sugar levels. Beer and wine also contain calories and can impact diabetes management similarly to bourbon. It is essential to focus on moderation and understanding the caloric content rather than switching to other types of alcohol. Educational Context: This question highlights the importance of understanding the caloric content of alcohol and its implications for diabetic patients following specific dietary plans. Educating patients on making informed choices regarding alcohol consumption can empower them to manage their condition effectively and maintain overall health. It also emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to provide tailored guidance based on individual dietary requirements and health goals.