From a medical perspective, ______ hormones can be taken orally because they are water-insoluble lipids and poorly digested.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: steroid. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes easily. This property allows them to be taken orally since they are not digested in the stomach and can be absorbed in the intestines. Carbohydrates (A), peptides (B), and proteins (C) are water-soluble and cannot pass through cell membranes easily, making them unsuitable for oral administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Exophthalmic goiter refers to bulging eyes and enlarged thyroid gland. 2. Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in both symptoms. 3. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism, not associated with exophthalmic goiter. 4. Myxedema is severe hypothyroidism but does not typically present with exophthalmic goiter. 5. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone, leading to enlarged hands and feet, not related to exophthalmic goiter.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Addison disease. Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to Addison disease, characterized by fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin discoloration. This is because insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex can disrupt the body's stress response and electrolyte balance. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Diabetes mellitus is primarily related to insulin regulation issues, not adrenal cortex hormones. C: Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion, not hyposecretion, of adrenal cortex hormones. D: Cretinism is associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, not adrenal cortex hormone deficiency.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: oxytocin. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) all play a role in regulating blood pressure and volume. ANH promotes sodium and water excretion, aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, and ADH controls water reabsorption. On the other hand, oxytocin is a hormone involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not directly related to blood pressure regulation. Therefore, oxytocin is the hormone that does NOT help regulate blood pressure and volume.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cretinism. Hypothyroidism in children can lead to cretinism, a condition characterized by stunted growth, intellectual disability, and other developmental delays. This occurs because thyroid hormones play a crucial role in growth and brain development during childhood. Goiter (A) is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, not a direct consequence of hypothyroidism in children. Acromegaly (B) is caused by excess growth hormone, not by hypothyroidism. Myxedema (C) is a condition seen in adults with untreated hypothyroidism, not specifically in children.