Frequent complications of Mycoplasma infection include:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the complications of Mycoplasma infection is crucial for providing quality care. The correct answer is B) Haemolytic anaemia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can lead to the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells, causing anemia. This is a well-documented complication associated with Mycoplasma infections. Option A) Thrombocytopenia is incorrect because while infections can sometimes lead to decreased platelet count, thrombocytopenia is not a frequent complication specifically associated with Mycoplasma infections. Option C) Cardiac conduction defects are not commonly seen as complications of Mycoplasma infection in the pediatric population. These defects are more commonly associated with other cardiac conditions or infections. Option D) Pleural effusion is also not a typical complication of Mycoplasma infection. Pleural effusion is more commonly seen in conditions like pneumonia or congestive heart failure. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the varied complications that can arise from specific infections in pediatric patients. It reinforces the need for nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of how different pathogens can impact various body systems, guiding their assessment and intervention strategies in pediatric cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding respiratory pathogens in immunosuppressed patients is crucial. The correct answer, option C) Pneumocystis carinii, is a fungal pathogen commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems such as pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders who may be on immunosuppressive therapy. Staphylococcus aureus (option A) is a common bacterial pathogen but is not specifically associated with respiratory infections in the immunosuppressed. Legionella (option B) is a bacterium known to cause Legionnaires' disease primarily in individuals with underlying health conditions but is not a typical respiratory pathogen in immunosuppressed pediatric patients. Chlamydia (option D) is a bacterial pathogen that can cause respiratory infections but is not a common pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals, especially in the pediatric population. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing specific pathogens that pose a higher risk to immunosuppressed pediatric patients, emphasizing the need for tailored treatment and preventive strategies in this vulnerable population. Understanding the unique microbiological profile of immunocompromised individuals is essential for providing safe and effective care, especially in the context of cardiovascular disorders where infection control is paramount for positive patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding Marfan's syndrome is crucial. Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue, leading to various clinical features. Ectopia lentis, the correct answer (A), refers to the dislocation of the lens in the eye, which is a hallmark feature of Marfan's syndrome due to weakened zonular fibers. This clinical sign is pathognomonic for Marfan's syndrome. The incorrect options (B, C, D) do not represent non-cardiac clinical features of Marfan's syndrome. Pectus excavatum or carinatum, pes planus, and scoliosis are musculoskeletal manifestations commonly seen in Marfan's syndrome, but they are not specific to this condition and can be present in other disorders as well. It is crucial for nurses to recognize the unique non-cardiac clinical features of Marfan's syndrome to aid in early diagnosis and appropriate management. Educationally, understanding the distinct clinical features of genetic syndromes like Marfan's syndrome enhances the nurse's ability to provide holistic care to pediatric patients. By differentiating between specific manifestations, nurses can contribute to timely referrals to specialists, genetic counseling, and tailored interventions to improve patient outcomes. This knowledge underscores the importance of a comprehensive assessment and collaborative approach in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) in pediatric patients, there are three major criteria that play a crucial role: 1. Persistently positive blood cultures: This criterion is essential for diagnosing IE as it indicates the presence of infectious agents in the bloodstream causing the infection of the endocardium. Positive blood cultures are a key diagnostic indicator of IE. 2. Echo evidence positive for IE: Echocardiography is a vital imaging modality used in the diagnosis of IE. It helps visualize the structures of the heart, including the presence of vegetations, abscesses, or valvular abnormalities, which are characteristic findings in IE. 3. New valvar regurgitation: The development of new valvar regurgitation, especially in the context of an acute febrile illness, can be a significant indicator of infective endocarditis affecting the heart valves. The correct answer, D) All of the above, is the most appropriate choice because the diagnosis of IE typically involves a combination of clinical criteria, including positive blood cultures, echocardiographic evidence consistent with IE, and the presence of new valvar regurgitation. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because a single criterion alone may not be sufficient to diagnose IE definitively. While positive blood cultures and echo evidence are crucial, the absence of new valvar regurgitation does not rule out the diagnosis of IE, and vice versa. Therefore, selecting all the criteria (option D) is necessary to encompass the multifactorial nature of diagnosing infective endocarditis accurately in pediatric patients. In an educational context, understanding the diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis is vital for pediatric nurses caring for children with cardiac conditions. Recognizing the importance of a comprehensive approach to diagnosis, including clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings, is essential for prompt identification and management of IE to prevent potential complications and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Kawasaki Disease, a giant coronary artery aneurysm is defined as having both a diameter of ≥8 mm and a Z score ≥10. This combination indicates a significant dilation of the coronary artery, putting the child at higher risk for complications such as thrombosis or rupture. Option A (≥8 mm in diameter) alone is not specific enough as an aneurysm could be large in diameter but not necessarily abnormal based on the patient's body size. Option B (Z score ≥10) is a more accurate measure as it considers the patient's body surface area, making it a more reliable indicator of abnormality in coronary artery size. Educationally, understanding the criteria for defining a giant coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki Disease is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for these patients. It helps in early detection, appropriate monitoring, and timely intervention to prevent serious cardiac complications. Nurses need to be well-versed in the diagnostic criteria to ensure optimal care for children with Kawasaki Disease.