Foreign body partially obstructing the left main bronchus is likely to cause which of the following abnormalities:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Shift of the mediastinum to the right side in expiratory film. When a foreign body partially obstructs the left main bronchus, it creates a one-way valve effect where air can enter during inspiration but has difficulty exiting during expiration. This leads to hyperinflation of the affected lung (left) and subsequently causes a shift of the mediastinum to the contralateral side (right) in an expiratory film. Option A) Increased air entry on the left hemithorax is incorrect because an obstruction would impede air entry, not increase it. Option B) Homogenous opacity of the right hemithorax on CXR is incorrect as it does not correlate with the described obstruction. Option C) Hyperinflated right hemithorax on CXR is incorrect as the hyperinflation would occur in the affected (left) lung, not the right. Understanding these radiographic findings is crucial for pediatric nurses as they often encounter respiratory emergencies in children. Recognizing these abnormalities can prompt quick intervention and potentially lifesaving measures in a clinical setting. It is essential for nurses to have a strong foundation in pediatric respiratory anatomy and pathology to provide safe and effective care for their young patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a significant concern in preterm infants due to their underdeveloped blood vessels in the brain. The correct answer is D) Prematurity. Preterm infants are at a higher risk for IVH due to the fragility of their blood vessels, especially those in the germinal matrix. The germinal matrix is a highly vascularized region in the brain that is particularly susceptible to bleeding in preterm infants. Option A) Maternal hypertension is a risk factor for other complications in both the mother and the infant, but it is not directly linked to IVH. Option B) Low Apgar scores may indicate the infant's overall condition at birth but do not specifically increase the risk of IVH. Option C) High birth weight is not a risk factor for IVH; in fact, preterm infants are more likely to have low birth weight. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for IVH in preterm infants is crucial for pediatric nurses. This knowledge guides their assessments, interventions, and care planning to prevent or promptly address IVH, which can have serious neurological consequences for the infant. By grasping the specific vulnerabilities of preterm infants, nurses can deliver targeted care to improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the case of a neonate born to a diabetic mother, the correct answer is A) Hypoglycemia. The rationale behind this is that during pregnancy, a diabetic mother may have poorly controlled blood sugar levels, leading to the transfer of excess glucose to the fetus. After birth, the baby's insulin production remains high, causing a drop in blood sugar levels, resulting in hypoglycemia. Option B) Hypercalcemia is incorrect because it refers to elevated levels of calcium in the blood, which is not typically associated with neonates born to diabetic mothers. Option C) Polyuria, excessive urination, is not a common complication in neonates born to diabetic mothers. Polyuria is more commonly seen in conditions like diabetes insipidus, not in infants born to diabetic mothers. Option D) Hypertension, high blood pressure, is also not a typical complication in neonates born to diabetic mothers. Hypertension is more commonly associated with conditions like renal issues or certain congenital heart defects in infants. Educationally, understanding the increased risk of hypoglycemia in neonates born to diabetic mothers is crucial for pediatric nurses. It highlights the importance of close monitoring of blood glucose levels in these infants postnatally to prevent and manage potential complications effectively. This knowledge also underscores the significance of providing specialized care and education to parents on managing their baby's health in such situations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of foreign body aspiration as it can be a life-threatening emergency. The correct answer, A) All children with bronchial foreign FBs typically present with classic triad, is false. Not all children with bronchial foreign bodies present with the classic triad of cough, wheeze, and decreased breath sounds. This statement is incorrect as the presentation can vary widely. Option B) Negative clinical manifestation does not exclude F.B. aspiration is true. It is essential to consider foreign body aspiration even if a child does not present with typical symptoms, as silent aspirations can occur without obvious clinical signs. Option C) Laryngeal foreign body presents with hoarseness or aphonia is correct. Laryngeal foreign bodies can indeed present with symptoms like hoarseness or aphonia due to the irritation of the vocal cords. Option D) When F.B. aspiration is suspected bronchoscopy must be done is incorrect. While bronchoscopy is often necessary to diagnose and remove a foreign body, it is not always the first step. Initial management involves ensuring the airway is stable and then determining the need for further diagnostic procedures based on the clinical presentation. This question is important in the context of pediatric nursing exam preparation as it assesses the nurse's knowledge of foreign body aspiration, a common and critical condition in pediatric patients. Understanding the varying presentations of foreign body aspiration and the appropriate steps in management is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children in emergency situations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding respiratory distress signs is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. The correct answer is B) Pneumonia. Expiratory grunting is a non-verbal sign seen in infants with pneumonia, indicating their effort to keep the airway open during exhalation. This occurs due to alveolar collapse and decreased lung compliance, leading to increased expiratory effort. Option A) Asthma exacerbation typically presents with wheezing and prolonged expiration, not expiratory grunting. Option C) Pleural effusion manifests as decreased breath sounds and dullness on percussion, not expiratory grunting. Option D) Croup is characterized by a barking cough and inspiratory stridor, not expiratory grunting. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is vital for accurate clinical assessment and timely intervention in pediatric patients. As a nurse, recognizing and interpreting respiratory distress signs like expiratory grunting can guide your care plan and help prevent respiratory failure in young patients.