For which of the following conditions could aspirin be used prophylactically?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thromboembolism. Aspirin is commonly used prophylactically to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of thromboembolic events, such as heart attacks and strokes. It inhibits platelet aggregation, making it effective in preventing clot formation. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (A), peptic ulcers (B), and metabolic acidosis (D) are not conditions for which aspirin is typically used prophylactically. Pulmonary edema is treated with diuretics, peptic ulcers with proton pump inhibitors, and metabolic acidosis with appropriate fluid and electrolyte management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Caffeine. Caffeine acts centrally mainly by blocking adenosine receptors. Adenosine normally inhibits the release of neurotransmitters, but when adenosine receptors are blocked by caffeine, this inhibition is reduced, leading to increased alertness and wakefulness. Meridil (A), Amphetamine (C), and Sydnophen (D) do not primarily act by blocking adenosine receptors. Meridil is a sympathomimetic amine, Amphetamine is a psychostimulant that primarily acts by increasing the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, and Sydnophen is a stimulant drug.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Antipsychotic drugs. Narco- and glue sniffing involve inhalation of substances for their mind-altering effects. Antipsychotic drugs are not typically abused for recreational purposes due to their sedative effects and lack of euphoria. Stimulants (choice A), psychedelics (choice C), and sedative drugs (choice D) are commonly misused for their psychoactive properties, leading to addiction and harmful effects on the body. Therefore, antipsychotic drugs do not fit the profile of substances commonly associated with narco- and glue sniffing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because hypertension is not a common consequence of neuroleptanalgesia. Droperidol and fentanyl are commonly used (A), and it can be combined with nitrous oxide for neuroleptanesthesia (B). Confusion and mental depression are potential adverse effects (D). The key is to recognize that hypertension is not a typical outcome of neuroleptanalgesia, making choice C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Apomorphine hydrochloride. Apomorphine is an emetic drug that acts centrally by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain, particularly in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. This stimulation triggers the vomiting reflex. A: Ipecacuanha derivatives are peripheral emetics that work by irritating the stomach lining, leading to vomiting. B: Promethazine is an antiemetic drug that works by blocking dopamine receptors and has no emetic properties. C: Tropisetron is a serotonin receptor antagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting, but it does not induce vomiting itself. In summary, apomorphine hydrochloride is the correct answer as it acts centrally to induce vomiting by stimulating dopamine receptors, whereas the other choices do not have central emetic action.