For each tablet processing problem listed below, select the most likely reason for the condition

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Excessive moisture (A) is the most likely reason for picking (1) in tablet granulation, where wet granules stick to punches, causing defects. Entrapment of air (B) causes capping (3), splitting tablets. Tablet friability (C) reflects poor binding, not moisture. Degraded drug (D) affects potency, not physical defects like mottling (2) or sticking (4). Option E (original) about hardness is unrelated. Moisture control during granulation ensures tablet integrity, a key manufacturing challenge impacting quality and patient safety.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The loading dose (D_L) is based on the apparent volume of distribution (V_D) and desired plasma concentration (D), calculated as D_L = V_D × C_p, ensuring rapid therapeutic levels (e.g., digoxin). Clearance (A) affects maintenance, not loading. Protein binding (B) and urinary excretion (C) influence free drug but aren't primary. AUC (original E) is outcome-based. V_D reflects tissue distribution, critical for initial dosing in drugs with large V_D, balancing speed and safety.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For a zero-order reaction, dA/dt = -k (A) is true, indicating a constant rate of drug elimination (e.g., ethanol above Km), independent of concentration. Option B (t₁₂=0.693/k) is first-order. Option C (A=A₀e⁻ᵏ) is first-order decay. No options D or original E exist, but C is incorrect here. Zero-order kinetics, rare in drugs, means half-life increases with dose, complicating dosing (e.g., phenytoin overdose), contrasting with first-order's constant half-life, key in pharmacokinetics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hydrolases (A) uncouple peptide linkages, cleaving bonds with water (e.g., pepsin in digestion), breaking proteins into amino acids. Ligases (B) form bonds. Oxidoreductases (C) handle redox. Transferases (D) move groups. Isomerases (original E) rearrange. Hydrolases' role in proteolysis impacts drug metabolism (e.g., prodrugs like enalapril) and digestion, central to biochemistry and pharmacology, affecting bioavailability and clearance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: IgG (A) has the longest serum half-life (~21 days) and opsonizes antigens via Fc receptors and complement activation, enhancing phagocytosis (e.g., bacterial clearance). IgM (B) is short-lived, pentameric. IgA (C) protects mucosae. IgE (D) drives allergies. No original E. IgG's persistence and dual opsonization (FcγR and C3b) make it key in immunity and monoclonal antibody drugs (e.g., rituximab), impacting pharmacokinetics and therapeutic longevity.