ATI RN
Chapter 2 pharmacologic principles Questions
Question 1 of 5
For each description of a comminution procedure below, select the process that it best describes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Trituration (A) best describes rubbing or grinding a substance in a mortar with a rough inner surface (1), reducing particle size (e.g., sulfur). Spatulation (B) mixes without grinding. Levigation (C) uses a liquid for a paste (3). Pulverization by intervention (D) adds a solvent (2). Tumbling (original E) is industrial mixing. Trituration's mechanical action ensures fine powders, enhancing dissolution in extemporaneous preparations, a fundamental pharmacy skill.
Question 2 of 5
The renal clearance of insulin is used as a measurement of
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Insulin renal clearance measures glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (D), as insulin is freely filtered and minimally reabsorbed/secreted, approximating GFR (e.g., 120 mL/min). Effective renal blood flow (A) uses PAH clearance. Drug excretion rate (B) varies by mechanism. Enzyme activity (C) is hepatic. Active secretion (original E) isn't insulin's path. GFR assessment via insulin, though less common than creatinine, ensures accurate renal function evaluation, vital for dosing renally cleared drugs.
Question 3 of 5
Which of the following functional groups is most susceptible to hydrolysis?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: R-COOR (B), an ester, is most susceptible to hydrolysis, cleaved by water into an acid and alcohol (e.g., aspirin to salicylic acid), common in drug degradation. R-CO-R (A, ketone) and R-O-R (C, ether) resist hydrolysis. R-NH-CH₃ (D, amine) and R-COOH (original E, acid) are stable. Esters' labile carbonyl-oxygen bond, catalyzed by pH or enzymes, drives this susceptibility, necessitating stable formulations (e.g., dry storage), a critical stability factor in pharmaceuticals.
Question 4 of 5
The sugar that is inherent in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA is
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ribose (C) is the sugar in RNA (pentose) and DNA (as deoxyribose), forming the nucleic acid backbone with phosphates and bases. Glucose (A) is metabolic. Sucrose (B) is a disaccharide. Digitoxose (D) is in cardiac glycosides. Maltose (original E) is a disaccharide. Ribose's presence enables RNA/DNA synthesis, targeted by antivirals (e.g., ribavirin), a key structural distinction in molecular biology and pharmacology.
Question 5 of 5
Urticaria that appears rapidly after the ingestion of food usually indicates which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity (A) causes rapid urticaria post-food ingestion (e.g., peanut allergy), an IgE-mediated reaction releasing histamine, leading to hives within minutes. Type II (B) is cytotoxic (e.g., transfusion reactions). Type III (C) involves immune complexes (e.g., serum sickness). Type IV (D) is delayed (e.g., contact dermatitis). No original E. This immediate response, treatable with epinephrine, underscores Type I's mast cell degranulation, critical in allergy management and pharmacology.