For conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate, high energy molecule is required in the form of

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate using GTP specifically (PEPCK enzyme), not ATP or CTP. This distinguishes energy specificity, key for metabolic pathways, contrasting with broader nucleotide use.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Medullary hyperosmolarity (countercurrent mechanism) relies on Na+ and urea, not glucose or K+ alone, for urine concentration. This distinguishes osmotic gradient, critical for water reabsorption, contrasting with single solutes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Type I RTA (distal) features profound hypocitraturia low citrate from acidosis promotes calcium stone formation, key factor. Calcium phosphate, not oxalate, dominates due to high urine pH wrong composition. Findings show hypokalemia and hyperchloremia, not hyperkalemia/hypochloremia electrolyte error. Proximal HCO₃ defect is Type II, not I distal H secretion fails. Hypocitraturia's role distinguishes Type I stone risk, critical for its pathophysiology, unlike stone type, labs, or segment errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare is non-tuberculous opportunistic, not TB-complex (e.g., lungs, not GU focus). Bovis, microti, and africanum are TB-complex cause tuberculosis, including GUTB. Avium intracellulare affects immunocompromised, not typical TB pathology. Non-TB status distinguishes it, key to mycobacterial classification, unlike TB-causing species.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Posterior lamella of lumbodorsal fascia covers, not separates, erector spinae from quadratus lumborum middle layer does that, incorrect. Layers merge near 12th rib true anatomy. Anterolateral fusion with transversus abdominis holds correct. Spinous origin of posterior lamella is accurate structural base. Separation error distinguishes incorrect statement, key to fascial anatomy, unlike true descriptions.