For abdominal inspection, in which of the following positions should a patient be placed?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Supine is the correct position for abdominal inspection because it allows for optimal visualization and assessment of the abdominal wall, contours, and any abnormalities. In this position, the abdominal muscles are relaxed, and the abdominal organs are not compressed, enabling the examiner to observe distension, asymmetry, scars, pulsations, or visible peristalsis. The supine position evenly distributes the abdominal contents, making it easier to detect masses, hernias, or other irregularities. Additionally, this position facilitates palpation, percussion, and auscultation, which often follow inspection during a physical examination. The prone position (A) is incorrect because lying face-down compresses the abdomen against the examination table, distorting its natural contours and making it difficult to assess symmetry, masses, or distension. This position also restricts access for subsequent examination techniques like palpation and auscultation. The Trendelenburg position (B), where the patient lies supine with the head lower than the feet, is primarily used for hemodynamic or respiratory support, not abdominal inspection. This position can alter intra-abdominal pressure, potentially obscuring findings such as hernias or fluid shifts, and is not practical for a thorough visual assessment. The side-lying position (D) limits the examiner's ability to evaluate the entire abdomen symmetrically, as gravity causes organs and abdominal contents to shift to the dependent side, potentially masking or exaggerating findings like asymmetry or organomegaly. A comprehensive abdominal inspection requires an unobstructed, relaxed view of the entire abdominal surface, which is best achieved in the supine position. Incorrect positioning can lead to misinterpretation of findings, missed abnormalities, or incomplete assessment, underscoring the importance of proper patient placement during the examination.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: During a Romberg test, the patient is asked to stand with feet together and arms at the sides. The test evaluates proprioception and vestibular function by assessing the patient's ability to maintain balance with eyes closed. Asking the patient to stand helps to detect any balance issues or disturbances in the absence of visual input.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pulse pressure is calculated by subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure. In this case, the systolic pressure is 150 and the diastolic pressure is 96. Therefore, the pulse pressure is 150 - 96 = 54. Pulse pressure represents the force generated by the heart with each contraction and is an important indicator of cardiovascular health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A patient being kept off food and fluids before surgery can lead to dehydration. Dehydration can cause a slight increase in body temperature, which could explain the elevated oral temperature reading of 99.8°F (37.7°C) in this scenario. Infections are more likely to cause higher fevers, hypothermia would present with a lower temperature, and anxiety typically does not directly affect body temperature in this manner.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: When assessing respirations, it is essential to evaluate the rate at which breaths are taken, the rhythm of breathing patterns, and the symmetry of chest expansion. Each of these parameters provides valuable information about a person's respiratory status. Therefore, it is important to assess all of the listed parameters to have a comprehensive understanding of the individual's respiratory function.