Following are correctly matched

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct match in this question is A) Tuberous sclerosis-Cardiac rhabdomyoma. Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in multiple organs, including the heart. Cardiac rhabdomyomas are a type of tumor commonly seen in infants with tuberous sclerosis. This association is important to recognize for early diagnosis and management of cardiovascular complications in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis. Option B) WPW syndrome-SVT is incorrect because Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a cardiac condition characterized by an accessory pathway that can lead to supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but the direct match here is not accurate for this question. Option C) Maternal SLE-Irreversible complete heart block is incorrect because systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can lead to congenital heart block in infants born to mothers with SLE, not necessarily irreversible complete heart block as stated in the option. Option D) Parvo B19-Roseola infectiosum is incorrect because Parvovirus B19 is associated with fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and not with roseola infectiosum, which is usually caused by human herpesvirus 6. Understanding these associations is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. Recognizing these relationships can aid in early identification, appropriate interventions, and improved outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Pulmonary Atresia. Closure of the ductus arteriosus is essential in fetal development to redirect blood flow away from the pulmonary circulation. In conditions like pulmonary atresia where there is absence of a pulmonary valve, closure of the ductus arteriosus will result in severe hypoxemia as blood cannot flow to the lungs for oxygenation. Option A) Coarctation of Aorta is a condition where there is a narrowing of the aorta, closure of the ductus arteriosus would not directly worsen this condition. Option B) TGA without VSD (Transposition of the great arteries without ventricular septal defect) is a condition where the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched. Closure of the ductus arteriosus may not significantly worsen this condition. Option D) Hypoplastic left heart is a condition where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. Closure of the ductus arteriosus may not worsen this condition as it is mainly related to the left side of the heart. Understanding the impact of ductal closure in different cardiovascular conditions is crucial in pediatric nursing, especially in managing patients with complex congenital heart defects. Nurses need to be aware of how ductal closure can affect hemodynamics and oxygenation in these patients to provide appropriate care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In hypercyanotic spells in Tetralogy of Fallot, the correct answer is C) Right to left shunt increases. During a hypercyanotic spell, there is a sudden increase in the degree of right-to-left shunting of deoxygenated blood in the heart. This exacerbates cyanosis in the child due to decreased oxygen saturation levels in the systemic circulation. This happens due to a sudden increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, causing more blood to bypass the lungs and flow directly from the right side of the heart to the left side. Option A) Hypoxia is there - While hypoxia does occur during a hypercyanotic spell, it is a consequence of the increased right-to-left shunting and not the primary mechanism. Option B) Murmur disappears - The murmur may actually become louder during a hypercyanotic spell due to the increased flow of blood across the pulmonary stenosis. Option D) Acidosis occurs - Acidosis can occur as a result of tissue hypoxia during a hypercyanotic spell, but it is not directly related to the pathophysiology of the spell itself. Understanding the pathophysiology of hypercyanotic spells in Tetralogy of Fallot is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for these patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of a hypercyanotic spell and understanding the appropriate interventions can be life-saving. Nurses must be prepared to act quickly to alleviate the spell and stabilize the child's condition to prevent long-term complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) prostaglandin E1. The infant described is presenting with signs suggestive of a ductal-dependent congenital heart defect, such as critical pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries. Prostaglandin E1 is crucial in maintaining the patency of the ductus arteriosus, which allows for essential shunting of blood in these critical conditions. Option A, sodium bicarbonate, is not indicated as the infant's presentation is not suggestive of metabolic acidosis requiring bicarbonate therapy. Option B, morphine, is not appropriate as it does not address the underlying cardiac pathology. Option D, digoxin, is not the initial treatment in neonates with potential ductal-dependent lesions and may be harmful. Educationally, understanding the significance of prostaglandin E1 in maintaining ductal patency is essential in managing neonates with critical congenital heart defects. This case highlights the importance of prompt recognition and initiation of targeted therapy to stabilize infants with potentially life-threatening cardiac conditions. Learning to differentiate between different treatment options based on pathophysiology is crucial in pediatric nursing and pharmacology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding cardiovascular disorders and their associated signs and symptoms is crucial for accurate assessment and timely intervention. Pulsus paradoxus is a key clinical finding seen in conditions such as pericarditis. The correct answer is A) pericarditis because pulsus paradoxus refers to a decrease in systolic blood pressure of more than 10 mmHg during inspiration, which is a classic sign of pericardial tamponade commonly seen in pericarditis. This condition leads to impaired cardiac filling due to fluid accumulation around the heart, resulting in decreased stroke volume and subsequent drop in blood pressure during inspiration. Option B) endocarditis is incorrect because while endocarditis can lead to various complications, it typically does not present with pulsus paradoxus. Option C) rheumatic fever is incorrect as it is more commonly associated with mitral valve issues rather than pulsus paradoxus. Option D) myocarditis is incorrect because although it can lead to cardiovascular compromise, it does not typically present with pulsus paradoxus. Educationally, understanding the specific signs and symptoms associated with different cardiovascular disorders in pediatric patients is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management. Recognizing pulsus paradoxus as a critical indicator of pericarditis can guide nurses in providing timely interventions and improving patient outcomes.