Fluid balance occurs when

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because fluid balance occurs when the amount of fluid consumed equals the amount eliminated, maintaining equilibrium in the body. If a person consumes more fluid than they eliminate (B), it leads to fluid retention and imbalance. If a person eliminates more fluid than they consume (C), it results in dehydration and imbalance. If a person consumes fluid but does not eliminate it (D), it can lead to fluid overload and imbalance. Therefore, only choice A represents the state of fluid balance where intake and output are equal, ensuring proper hydration and bodily functions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 12 months after a woman's last menstrual period. Menopause typically occurs around the age of 45-55 when the ovaries stop releasing eggs and hormone levels decline. This results in the cessation of menstrual periods. Menopause is confirmed after 12 consecutive months without a period. Choice B is incorrect because menopause is not solely determined by age, although it commonly occurs in women in their late 40s to early 50s. Choice C is incorrect because menopause is a natural biological process, not a decision made by the woman. Choice D is incorrect because menopause does not occur 3 months after giving birth; this period is known as postpartum.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Angina pectoris. Angina pectoris refers to chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD). Myocardial ischemia (A) is the inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. Coronary artery disease (C) is a condition where the blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed or blocked. Hypertension (D) is high blood pressure, which can be a risk factor for CAD but does not specifically refer to chest pain itself. Therefore, Angina pectoris is the most appropriate term for chest pain related to heart conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pain and stiffness increase in cold or damp weather. This is true because cold and damp weather can exacerbate symptoms of osteoarthritis due to changes in barometric pressure affecting joint fluid thickness and pain receptors. Choice A is incorrect as the jaw and neck are not typically affected by osteoarthritis. Choice C is incorrect as antibiotics are not used to treat osteoarthritis, rather medications like NSAIDs are more commonly prescribed. Choice D is incorrect as many individuals with osteoarthritis can still perform activities of daily living with appropriate management and treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dementia. Dementia refers to a serious loss of mental abilities such as memory, reasoning, and communication. It is a broad term encompassing various conditions that impact cognitive function. A: Cognition is the general mental processes related to acquiring knowledge and understanding. It is not specific to a serious loss of mental abilities. B: Irreversible implies that something cannot be reversed or undone. While dementia can be irreversible, this term does not specifically mean a loss of mental abilities. D: Onset refers to the beginning or start of something, such as a disease or condition. It does not directly relate to a serious loss of mental abilities.