Fixed drug eruption can be caused by

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fixed drug eruption is a localized cutaneous reaction that occurs in response to a specific medication. In this case, the correct answer is C) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, are known to cause fixed drug eruptions in some individuals. These eruptions typically appear as round or oval erythematous patches on the skin. Option A) allopurinol is commonly associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis, not fixed drug eruptions. Option B) cephalosporins are more commonly linked to allergic reactions like hives or anaphylaxis rather than fixed drug eruptions. Option D) nitrofurantoin is known to cause drug-induced lupus or pulmonary reactions but is not a common culprit for fixed drug eruptions. Educationally, understanding the specific skin reactions caused by different medications is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, as they need to recognize and manage adverse drug reactions in children effectively. Recognizing the characteristic presentation of fixed drug eruptions can aid in prompt identification and appropriate management, such as discontinuing the offending medication and providing symptomatic relief.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric asthma management, the overuse of β2-agonists such as albuterol indicates inadequate control of the condition. The correct answer, option C (8 puffs per day), signifies poor asthma control because exceeding this threshold suggests that the patient's symptoms are not being managed effectively. Option A (4 puffs per day) is a commonly used threshold to monitor asthma control in children. This level of usage may still indicate suboptimal control but is generally considered within the acceptable range for mild exacerbations. Option B (6 puffs per day) falls between the acceptable range and the threshold for poor control. Option D (10 puffs per day) represents a high level of β2-agonist use, indicating significant symptom burden and poor asthma control. This level of medication usage suggests that the patient's asthma is not well managed and may require a review of their treatment plan. In an educational context, understanding appropriate medication use in pediatric asthma is crucial for healthcare providers working with children with asthma. Monitoring medication usage, like β2-agonists, can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of asthma management strategies and help guide treatment decisions to ensure optimal control and improved quality of life for pediatric patients with asthma.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Antihistamines are medications commonly used to treat symptoms related to allergies, such as sneezing, rhinorrhea (runny nose), and ocular itching. The correct answer, D) nasal congestion, is less effectively treated by antihistamines. This is because antihistamines primarily target histamine receptors in the body, which are responsible for symptoms like sneezing and itching. Nasal congestion, on the other hand, is often caused by inflammation and excess mucus production, which is not directly related to histamine release. Option A) sneezing, Option B) rhinorrhea, and Option C) ocular itching are symptoms that are typically responsive to antihistamines due to their direct association with histamine release in the body. It is important for pediatric nurses to understand the mechanisms of action of different medications to provide effective care for children with allergies. By knowing which symptoms antihistamines are most effective for, nurses can better assess and manage a child's allergic reactions. Educationally, this question helps reinforce the principle that not all allergy symptoms are equally responsive to antihistamines. It challenges nurses to think critically about the underlying mechanisms of different symptoms and how medications interact with the body. This knowledge is crucial for providing safe and effective care for pediatric patients with allergies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) dermatographism. Dermatographism is the most common physical urticaria, characterized by raised, red, itchy welts that appear after firmly stroking or scratching the skin. This condition is known for its distinct response to physical stimuli like pressure or friction. Option B) cholinergic urticaria is triggered by sweating or an increase in body temperature, not by physical pressure or stimulus like dermatographism. Option C) cold urticaria is triggered by exposure to cold temperatures, not by physical stimuli. Option D) delayed pressure urticaria presents as red welts after pressure is applied to the skin for a period of time, but it is less common than dermatographism. Educationally, understanding the different types of physical urticaria is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, who may encounter children with skin conditions. Recognizing dermatographism as the most common type helps in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, ensuring optimal care for pediatric patients with this condition. Being able to differentiate between various types of urticaria enhances clinical assessment skills and improves patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, it is crucial to educate parents about the potential side effects of medications prescribed to their children. In the case of atomoxetine, the most important serious side effect that parents should be warned about is suicidal ideation (Option D). Atomoxetine is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. It is important to highlight the risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors that may arise when children start taking this medication. Educating parents about this potential side effect is essential for early detection and intervention to prevent harm to the child. Option A, cardiac toxicity, is not the most important side effect of atomoxetine and is not typically a primary concern when starting this medication. Option B, depression, while a serious side effect, is not as commonly associated with atomoxetine use as suicidal ideation in pediatric patients. Option C, potential for abuse, is not a typical side effect of atomoxetine and is more relevant to other types of medications. By understanding the specific side effects associated with atomoxetine and being able to educate parents effectively, pediatric nurses can play a critical role in promoting the safe and appropriate use of medications in children with ADHD. This knowledge empowers parents to monitor their child's behavior closely and seek help if any concerning signs or symptoms arise.