Filtration of blood occurs in the renal corpuscles. Which of the following is not part of the renal corpuscles?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vasa Recta. The Vasa Recta is a network of blood vessels that surrounds the loop of Henle in the kidney medulla, but it is not part of the renal corpuscles. The renal corpuscles consist of the Bowman's capsule, the glomerulus, and the glomerular basement membrane. Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus, and the glomerular basement membrane lies between the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus, allowing for filtration of blood. Therefore, the Vasa Recta is not part of the renal corpuscles.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vancomycin. Vancomycin requires close monitoring and dosing adjustment in patients with liver disease because it is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, but can also be partially metabolized by the liver. In liver disease, the liver's ability to metabolize drugs may be impaired, leading to potential toxic levels of vancomycin in the body. Erythromycin (A) can also be affected by liver disease, but it mainly requires dose adjustment in severe liver impairment. Gentamycin (B) is primarily eliminated through the kidneys and does not require dose adjustment in liver disease. Penicillin G (D) is mainly excreted through the kidneys and does not require dose adjustment in liver disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sulfonamides. Sulfonamides inhibit folate synthesis in bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthetase. This leads to disruption of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in bacteria. Drinking 8 ounces of water during sulfonamide use helps prevent crystalluria and subsequent kidney stone formation by ensuring adequate hydration to flush out the drug and its metabolites. Vancomycin (A) acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, Linezolid (B) inhibits protein synthesis, and Penicillin (D) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis through interference with transpeptidation reactions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct choice for treating aspergillosis is B: Amphotericin B. It is the most appropriate due to its broad antifungal spectrum, including activity against Aspergillus species. Amphotericin B is often considered the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis. Terbinafine (A) is more commonly used for dermatophyte infections, not aspergillosis. Flucytosine (C) is mainly used for Cryptococcal infections. Itraconazole (D) may have some activity against Aspergillus, but it is generally less effective than Amphotericin B for invasive cases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Intestinal Rationale: 1. Corticosteroids suppress the immune system. 2. Intestinal tuberculosis can lead to perforation, and corticosteroids can mask symptoms and worsen the condition. 3. Miliary and meningeal TB benefit from corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. 4. Renal TB is treated with antibiotics, not corticosteroids. Summary: - A: Corticosteroids are not contraindicated in miliary TB. - B: Corticosteroids are beneficial in meningeal TB. - C: Corticosteroids can worsen intestinal TB. - D: Renal TB is treated with antibiotics, not corticosteroids.