Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney is the:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Renal capsule (fibrous) encases kidney, not cortex, hilum (entry), or medulla (inner). This identifies protective layer, vital for structure, contrasting with internal regions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Staph aureus isn't the most common CAPD peritonitis organism Staph epidermidis (skin flora) leads, incorrect. Gram stain positivity (10-40%) aligns low yield, true. Parenteral antibiotics are rare intraperitoneal suffices, correct. Cell count >100 with >50% neutrophils defines it accurate. Epidermidis's dominance distinguishes the error, key to CAPD infection patterns, unlike stain, route, or diagnostic truths.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: 100-1000 WBC/mm³ (0.1-1/µL) is below UTI threshold (<10,000) dysuria alone without pyuria suggests non-bacterial cause (e.g., urethritis), no antibiotics. 'Yes' risks overtreatment lacks evidence. Repeat culture delays unnecessary here. Two specimens overcomplicates low counts persist. Negative treatment need distinguishes it, key to avoiding misuse, unlike proactive or delayed options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: IV fluids in renal colic aim for 200 mL/hr urine output hydrates, aids stone passage (e.g., <5 mm), standard. 2 L/2 hr risks overload excessive. Maintenance is too slow insufficient push. 1 L/1 hr lacks precision cardiac caveat vague. Output goal distinguishes it, key to flushing strategy, unlike volume or rate errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nephritic conditions (e.g., glomerulonephritis) show hematuria, hypertension, proteinuria, red cell casts glomerular inflammation hallmark. Nephrotic syndrome lacks casts edema, heavy proteinuria. Hepatorenal is liver-related no casts. Rhabdomyolysis causes myoglobinuria not glomerular. Nephritic profile distinguishes it, key to renal diagnosis, unlike protein, liver, or muscle disorders.