Features suggestive of minor manifestation of acute rheumatic fever include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Arthralgia without objective evidence (swelling, redness) is a minor criterion in acute rheumatic fever. Other minor criteria include fever, elevated acute-phase reactants (ESR, CRP), and prolonged PR interval. The major criteria include carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the clinical presentations of chronic heart failure in infants is crucial for early detection and intervention. The correct answer, option C, "Acute weight gain due to edema formation," is not typically seen in infants with chronic heart failure. This is because infants with heart failure tend to exhibit poor weight gain or even weight loss due to the increased metabolic demands on their compromised heart. Option A, "Feeding difficulty," is a common presentation in infants with heart failure due to fatigue and increased work of breathing during feeding. Option B, "Excessive sweating with feeding," is also a common symptom seen in infants with heart failure as their bodies try to compensate for the decreased cardiac output by increasing sympathetic tone. Option D, "Nocturnal irritability and cough," can be seen in infants with heart failure due to difficulty breathing when lying flat. Educationally, recognizing these clinical presentations can aid healthcare providers in timely diagnosis and management of pediatric patients with heart failure. It is important for nurses to be vigilant for subtle signs and symptoms in infants, as they may not present with classic adult heart failure symptoms. Regular assessments, including monitoring growth patterns, feeding behaviors, and respiratory status, are essential in caring for infants at risk for or diagnosed with heart failure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Tetralogy of Fallot, option D is incorrect because it is not commonly associated with heart failure. The correct answer is D because Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four specific heart defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. These defects lead to decreased blood flow to the lungs, causing central cyanosis and clubbing due to deoxygenated blood circulating in the body. Pulmonary oligemia in chest X-ray is seen due to reduced blood flow to the lungs. Basal ejection systolic murmur and a single second heart sound are characteristic findings in Tetralogy of Fallot due to the structural abnormalities in the heart. Educationally, understanding the specifics of Tetralogy of Fallot is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care for affected children. Recognizing the clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings associated with this congenital heart defect enables nurses to intervene promptly and appropriately in managing the condition. By differentiating between the correct and incorrect options in this question, nurses can enhance their knowledge and clinical reasoning skills when caring for pediatric patients with complex cardiac conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Atypical bacterial pneumonia, caused by organisms like Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae, is more commonly seen in school-aged children (Option D). This is because school-aged children have more developed immune systems compared to younger age groups, making them more susceptible to atypical bacterial infections. Additionally, school-aged children have increased exposure to different environments and social interactions, which can facilitate the transmission of these atypical bacteria. Newborn infants (Option A) are less likely to develop atypical bacterial pneumonia due to the presence of maternal antibodies and their limited exposure to external environments. Toddlers (Option B) and preschool children (Option C) are also less prone to atypical bacterial pneumonia compared to school-aged children due to their less frequent social interactions and exposure to various environments. In an educational context, understanding the age-specific vulnerabilities to different types of pneumonia is crucial for pediatric nurses. By recognizing the age groups that are more susceptible to atypical bacterial pneumonia, nurses can tailor their assessment, management, and prevention strategies accordingly. This knowledge enhances the quality of care provided to pediatric patients and contributes to better patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Neonatal sepsis. When a term neonate presents with poor feeding, lethargy, and hypothermia, neonatal sepsis should be a primary concern. Neonatal sepsis is a serious bacterial infection in the bloodstream of a newborn. Infants are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their immature immune systems. Symptoms such as poor feeding, lethargy, and hypothermia can be indicative of sepsis in a neonate. Option B) Transient tachypnea of the newborn is unlikely in this case because it typically presents with rapid breathing shortly after birth due to delayed clearance of lung fluid. This condition usually improves without specific treatment. Option C) Congenital heart disease may present with different symptoms such as cyanosis, tachypnea, or poor weight gain. While it is essential to consider congenital heart disease in newborns, the symptoms described in the question are more indicative of sepsis. Option D) Hypoglycemia can also present with lethargy, poor feeding, and hypothermia, but in a term neonate, the presentation is more suggestive of sepsis, especially given the context of multiple symptoms that point towards a systemic infection. In an educational context, understanding the signs and symptoms of common neonatal conditions is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the distinguishing features of neonatal sepsis, transient tachypnea, congenital heart disease, and hypoglycemia is vital for timely and accurate management of neonates. This knowledge helps to optimize patient outcomes and ensure the provision of appropriate care in critical situations.