Features of hypoglycaemia do not include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hypoglycemia is characterized by a low blood sugar level, which can lead to various symptoms. The features of hypoglycemia typically include drenching sweat, tachycardia (increased heart rate), and tachypnea (rapid breathing). A brisk jerk, on the other hand, is not a typical feature of hypoglycemia. Symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, shakiness, hunger, weakness, and irritability are more commonly associated with hypoglycemia than a brisk jerk.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyperthermia is not a typical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is typically characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketone accumulation, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Common symptoms include drowsiness, dehydration, and air hunger (deep and rapid breathing). However, hyperthermia, which refers to an elevated body temperature, is not a characteristic typically associated with DKA. It is important to monitor and manage DKA promptly as it is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate medical attention.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is commonly associated with decreased bone mineral density, leading to an increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis. Therefore, increased bone mineral density would not typically be a sign or symptom of GHD. On the other hand, abnormal lipid profile, atherosclerosis, and left ventricular dysfunction are all potential signs or symptoms of GHD. Abnormal lipid profile can manifest as increased levels of LDL cholesterol and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, can occur in individuals with GHD due to the impact on lipid metabolism. Left ventricular dysfunction may also be seen in individuals with GHD due to the role of growth hormone in cardiac function and structure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thyrotoxicosis typically presents with hypermetabolism and various neuromuscular manifestations. Myasthenic syndrome, which involves muscle weakness and fatigability, is not a common neuromuscular feature of thyrotoxicosis. Instead, manifestations such as brisk knee jerk reflexes, hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (due to shifts in potassium levels), and hyperkinesia (excessive movement) are more commonly observed in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Myasthenic syndrome is more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders affecting the neuromuscular junction, such as myasthenia gravis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis does not involve the hypothalamus or pituitary gland; instead, it primarily involves the kidneys and the renin-secreting cells. In this axis, renin is released in response to low blood pressure, leading to the formation of angiotensin II and the subsequent release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands. Feedback mechanisms for this axis primarily involve the regulation of renin release based on blood pressure rather than involving direct negative feedback from downstream hormones on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. On the other hand, choices A, B, and C all involve classic examples of hypothalamic-pituitary negative feedback loops where the end hormone suppresses the release of the stimulating hormones at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels.