Features of congenital rubella syndrome include:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding congenital rubella syndrome is crucial. The correct feature of congenital rubella syndrome is intrauterine growth retardation (Option A). This occurs because rubella virus can cross the placenta and affect fetal development, leading to growth issues. Hepatomegaly (Option B) is not a typical feature of congenital rubella syndrome. While liver abnormalities can occur in some cases, it is not a defining characteristic. Thrombocytopenia (Option C) refers to low platelet count and is not a common finding in congenital rubella syndrome. Polydactyly (Option D), the presence of extra fingers or toes, is not associated with rubella infection during pregnancy. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the specific characteristics of congenital rubella syndrome in pediatric patients. Understanding these features is essential for early detection, appropriate management, and providing holistic care to infants affected by this condition. By differentiating between the features of congenital rubella syndrome and other potential conditions, nurses can contribute to better outcomes for their patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the modes of transmission of hepatitis C is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. The correct answer is A) Drug abuse. Hepatitis C is commonly spread through the sharing of contaminated needles and syringes, making drug abuse a significant risk factor for contracting the virus. This mode of transmission is particularly relevant in pediatric patients who may be exposed to these behaviors indirectly or directly in certain settings. Option B) Seafood consumption is incorrect because hepatitis C is not spread through the ingestion of contaminated seafood. It is primarily a bloodborne virus. Option C) Recombinant factor VIII therapy is incorrect as this treatment is associated with hemophilia, not hepatitis C transmission. Option D) Faeco-oral spread is also incorrect as hepatitis C is not typically transmitted through fecal-oral route; it is primarily bloodborne. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of understanding the specific modes of transmission of infectious diseases like hepatitis C, especially in vulnerable populations like pediatric patients. It highlights the need for healthcare providers to be vigilant in identifying risk factors and educating patients and families on prevention strategies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding cardiovascular disorders, including shunts, is crucial for providing effective care to young patients. In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Fallot's tetralogy, which is a congenital heart defect characterized by four abnormalities, including a ventricular septal defect and overriding aorta. This condition leads to a right to left shunt, allowing deoxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and mix with oxygenated blood, resulting in cyanosis. Option B) Tricuspid atresia is incorrect because it involves the absence of the tricuspid valve, leading to cyanosis but not a right to left shunt. Option C) Eisenmenger complex is incorrect as it describes a reversal of a left to right shunt due to severe pulmonary hypertension. Option D) Ductus arteriosus in the fetus is incorrect as it normally shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in utero, but it closes shortly after birth to establish normal circulation. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is vital for nurses to assess, diagnose, and manage pediatric cardiovascular conditions effectively. Recognizing the specific characteristics of different shunts aids in providing appropriate interventions and monitoring for complications in pediatric patients with heart defects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In febrile convulsions, the correct answer is C) Shigella dysentery may be a cause. Febrile convulsions commonly occur in young children during episodes of high fever, and infectious causes like Shigella dysentery can trigger these convulsions. Understanding the infectious etiology is crucial in managing febrile convulsions in pediatric patients. Option A) Familial predisposition is the same as in idiopathic epilepsy is incorrect because febrile convulsions are not necessarily linked to a family history of epilepsy. Febrile convulsions are typically not associated with a predisposition to epilepsy. Option B) Carbamazepine achieves good seizure control is incorrect because carbamazepine is not typically used in the management of febrile convulsions. Treatment for febrile convulsions focuses on managing the underlying cause, such as fever reduction, rather than using antiepileptic medications like carbamazepine. Option D) Deafness can occur if seizure is prolonged is incorrect because although prolonged seizures can lead to complications such as brain damage, deafness is not a common outcome associated with febrile convulsions. Educationally, understanding the different causes and management strategies for febrile convulsions in pediatric patients is essential for nurses caring for children with these conditions. Recognizing the infectious etiologies like Shigella dysentery can guide appropriate treatment and interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the features of severe hemophilia A is crucial for providing safe and effective care to patients. The correct answer, "D) Increased APTT," is indicative of severe hemophilia A. This is because hemophilia A is characterized by a deficiency in factor VIII, leading to prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) due to impaired intrinsic coagulation pathway. Option A, "Retroperitoneal bleed," is not a typical feature of severe hemophilia A. While bleeding can occur in various sites, retroperitoneal bleeding is not specific to hemophilia A. Option B, "Chronic arthropathy," is a common complication of hemophilia due to repeated joint bleeds, but it is not a defining feature of severe hemophilia A. Option C, "Prolonged bleeding time," is not characteristic of hemophilia A. Bleeding time is usually normal in hemophilia A, as it primarily affects the clotting factors, not platelet function. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients with hemophilia A. Recognizing the specific features of severe hemophilia A helps in early identification, appropriate management, and prevention of complications associated with this genetic disorder.