Features dominant in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets are

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, the correct features include coxa vara and windswept deformity (Option D). Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip joint that presents with a decreased angle between the head and neck of the femur, leading to gait abnormalities. Windswept deformity refers to a characteristic pattern of leg deformity seen in this condition. Option A, craniotabes, frontal bossing, and rickets, are features commonly associated with nutritional rickets, not specifically X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Craniotabes is a softening of the skull, frontal bossing refers to a prominent forehead, and rickets is a condition characterized by weakened or soft bones. Option B, scoliosis and lordosis, are not typical features of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine, while lordosis is an inward curvature of the lower back. Option C, rachitic rosary and Harrison groove, are classic findings in vitamin D deficiency rickets, not X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Rachitic rosary describes a beading of the ribs at the costochondral junctions, and Harrison groove is a horizontal groove at the level of the diaphragm due to the pulling of respiratory muscles in rickets. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for pediatric gastrointestinal nurses as they care for children with various metabolic bone disorders. Recognizing the specific clinical features of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets aids in accurate diagnosis, appropriate interventions, and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric gastrointestinal nursing, understanding the role of vitamin K is crucial as its deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. The correct answer is C) Factor VII. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver, with Factor VII being one of them. Without sufficient vitamin K, Factor VII levels decrease, leading to impaired blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding. Option A) Factor I is fibrinogen, which is not primarily dependent on vitamin K for its synthesis. Option B) Factor II is prothrombin, another clotting factor synthesized with the help of vitamin K, but Factor VII is the first factor to be affected by vitamin K deficiency. Option D) Factor IX is also dependent on vitamin K for synthesis, but it is not the first factor affected. Understanding the sequence of clotting factors affected by vitamin K deficiency is essential in managing bleeding disorders in pediatric patients. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of vitamin K in pediatric gastrointestinal nursing and emphasizes the need for nurses to recognize the early signs of vitamin K deficiency to prevent serious complications like hemorrhage in pediatric patients. By understanding the specific clotting factors affected by vitamin K deficiency, nurses can intervene promptly and effectively to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric gastrointestinal nursing interventions, dysphagia is best described as difficulty swallowing (Option D). This is the correct answer because dysphagia refers to a swallowing disorder that can affect a child's ability to chew or swallow food and liquids safely and effectively. In pediatric patients, dysphagia can lead to serious complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. Option A, pain on swallowing, is not the best description of dysphagia as it specifically refers to odynophagia, which is characterized by pain while swallowing, rather than difficulty in the act of swallowing itself. Option B, emesis without nausea, is incorrect as it describes vomiting without the sensation of nausea, which is not indicative of dysphagia. Option C, drooling due to obstruction, is also inaccurate as drooling is more commonly associated with neurological disorders or anatomical abnormalities rather than dysphagia. In an educational context, understanding the correct definition of dysphagia is crucial for pediatric nurses as they play a vital role in assessing, managing, and educating both patients and their families about this condition. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of dysphagia early on, nurses can implement appropriate interventions to ensure safe feeding practices and prevent complications in pediatric patients with swallowing difficulties.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) dental x-ray to look for intrusion. This option is the most appropriate next step because it helps in assessing if the missing tooth has been intruded into the jawbone due to the blunt trauma. Dental x-rays can provide valuable information on the exact location of the tooth and guide further treatment decisions. Option A) plan for a bridge is incorrect as it is premature to consider this without confirming the status of the missing tooth. Option B) abdominal x-ray to search for the avulsed tooth is not relevant as a dental x-ray is more specific for evaluating dental structures. Option D) ceramic tooth is also not appropriate as it jumps to a treatment modality without first establishing the diagnosis. Educationally, this scenario highlights the importance of proper assessment and diagnostic procedures in pediatric patients following traumatic dental injuries. It emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to follow a systematic approach to ensure accurate evaluation and appropriate management, considering the unique characteristics of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) eosinophilic gastritis as it is not an acquired cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Eosinophilic gastritis is a condition characterized by an increased number of eosinophils in the stomach lining, leading to inflammation, but it does not typically result in gastric outlet obstruction. A) Cystic fibrosis is an acquired cause of gastric outlet obstruction due to the thickening of secretions that can block the outlet. B) Epidermolysis bullosa can lead to esophageal strictures and subsequent gastric outlet obstruction due to scarring in the esophagus. C) Prostaglandin E infusions can cause gastric outlet obstruction by inducing smooth muscle relaxation in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a functional obstruction. In an educational context, understanding the various acquired causes of gastric outlet obstruction is crucial for pediatric gastrointestinal nursing interventions. Recognizing the differences between conditions like cystic fibrosis, epidermolysis bullosa, and the effects of prostaglandin E infusions can aid nurses in providing appropriate care and interventions for pediatric patients with these conditions.