Favourable factors for successful trial without catheter are all of the following except

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Drained volume >1000 mL predicts trial without catheter (TWOC) failure large residuals suggest poor bladder function or obstruction (e.g., BPH), needing prolonged catheterization. Absence of prior LUTS indicates better baseline favorable. Age <65 years ties to stronger detrusor supports success. High detrusor pressure aids voiding positive factor. High volume's negative impact distinguishes it, critical for TWOC prognosis, unlike factors enhancing bladder emptying potential.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, not angiotensin II (product), ACE (enzyme), or aldosterone (downstream). This initiates RAAS, key for blood pressure regulation, contrasting with subsequent steps.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: PCT actively reabsorbs ~70% of filtered sodium, not 10%, 1%, or 99% (total includes later). This quantifies sodium handling, key for fluid balance, contrasting with full reabsorption myths.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Erythropoietin from kidneys boosts RBC production, not renin (pressure), aldosterone (sodium), or somatomedin (growth). This defines hematopoietic role, key for anemia, contrasting with RAAS hormones.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Peristalsis propels urine through ureters, not gravity (positional), hydrostatic (filtration), or osmotic (concentration). This defines ureteral motility, key for urine transport, contrasting with passive forces.