Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include ________.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: excessively high blood iodine concentrations. High blood iodine levels do not inhibit TSH release; they actually stimulate it. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), rising levels of glucocorticoids, and somatostatin are all factors that inhibit TSH release. GHIH inhibits TSH release by acting on the pituitary gland. Glucocorticoids have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reducing TSH release. Somatostatin inhibits the release of various hormones, including TSH.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal cortex. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release its hormones, including cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces ACTH, but it does not release hormones itself. The adrenal medulla is primarily stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, not ACTH. The kidneys are not directly stimulated by ACTH to produce and release hormones. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice as it directly responds to ACTH stimulation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is essential for regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland (A) secretes hormones like thyroid hormone and calcitonin, the parathyroid gland (B) secretes parathyroid hormone, and the pancreas (C) secretes insulin and glucagon. Only the adrenal gland (D) secretes cortisol and aldosterone, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: pancreas; glucagon. When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon acts to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. The adrenal cortex does not directly regulate blood glucose levels through aldosterone secretion. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels to lower them, not increase them. The posterior pituitary secretes ADH to regulate water balance, not blood glucose levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels. This process, called glycogenolysis, is crucial during times of low blood sugar to maintain energy levels. Therefore, choice B is correct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because glucagon does not directly affect protein synthesis within cells, decrease glycogen conversion into glucose, or slow down glucose formation from lactic acid.