Eventration of the diaphragm may be associated with the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Eventration of the diaphragm is a condition where there is a thinning or complete absence of the muscular portion of the diaphragm, leading to abnormal elevation of the affected part. This condition is typically associated with other congenital anomalies and chromosomal abnormalities, hence option C, chromosomal trisomies, is correct. Option A, pulmonary hypoplasia, is often seen in conjunction with eventration of the diaphragm due to the restricted lung development caused by the elevation of the diaphragm. Recurrent infections (option D) can occur due to compromised respiratory function associated with eventration of the diaphragm and the resulting respiratory distress. Option B, pulmonary sequestration, is not directly related to eventration of the diaphragm. Pulmonary sequestration is a separate condition where a mass of lung tissue does not communicate with the normal airways and has its blood supply. This condition is not typically associated with eventration of the diaphragm. In an educational context, understanding the associations of eventration of the diaphragm with other conditions is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing these associations can aid in early detection, appropriate interventions, and improved outcomes for these patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Postaxial polydactyly = Extra thumb or toe present on the medial side of the hand is FALSE. Postaxial polydactyly actually refers to the presence of an extra digit on the lateral (outer) side of the hand or foot, not the medial side as stated in the option. A) Brachydactyly is a condition where individuals have short digits, often due to abnormal development of the bones in the fingers or toes. This definition is accurate and aligns with the condition. C) Clinodactyly is characterized by a medial or lateral curving or bending of the fingers. This definition is true and commonly seen in certain genetic syndromes or developmental variations. D) Camptodactyly refers to a permanent flexion or bending of one or more fingers, typically affecting the proximal interphalangeal joint. This definition is correct and is often a congenital condition or may be caused by certain neurological or musculoskeletal disorders. In pediatric nursing, understanding these terms is crucial for assessing and providing care for children with congenital hand or foot anomalies. Nurses need to accurately identify and differentiate between these conditions to provide appropriate interventions and support for the child and their family. Knowledge of these terms also helps in effective communication with other healthcare team members and families involved in the care of pediatric patients with such conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) in neonates and pediatric patients is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, D) Cardiac dysfunction, is not typically included in the definition of SIRS in this population. Temperature instability, option A, is a common symptom of SIRS and is included in the diagnostic criteria. Abnormal white blood cell (WBC) count, option B, is also a key indicator of systemic inflammation and is part of the SIRS criteria. Respiratory dysfunction, option C, is another important aspect of SIRS as it reflects the body's response to inflammation. Cardiac dysfunction is not typically part of the SIRS criteria for neonates and pediatric patients. This differentiation is important for healthcare providers to accurately identify and manage systemic inflammatory responses in these vulnerable populations. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the specific criteria for SIRS in neonates and pediatric patients. By understanding these distinctions, nurses and other healthcare providers can promptly recognize and intervene in cases of systemic inflammation, improving patient outcomes and preventing complications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) adolescent girls. Somatoform disorders often manifest during adolescence, especially in girls. Adolescence is a period of significant physical, emotional, and social changes, which can contribute to the development of somatoform disorders as a way to express emotional distress through physical symptoms. Adolescent girls, in particular, may experience higher levels of stress related to body image, self-esteem, and societal expectations, making them more vulnerable to these disorders. Option A) infants of both sexes are less likely to develop somatoform disorders as they are not cognitively developed enough to exhibit the complex interplay between psychological and physical symptoms seen in these disorders. Option B) male toddlers are also less likely to develop somatoform disorders as these disorders typically emerge during late childhood or adolescence when cognitive and emotional development allows for the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms. Option C) young children of female gender may experience some somatic complaints, but full-fledged somatoform disorders are less common in this age group compared to adolescents, as they have not yet reached the developmental stage where these disorders typically manifest. Educationally, understanding the vulnerability of adolescent girls to somatoform disorders is crucial for healthcare providers working with this population. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early, and providing appropriate support and interventions, can help address underlying emotional issues and prevent long-term negative impacts on their health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with comorbid depression and anxiety, selecting the most appropriate antidepressant is crucial for effective management. Sertraline (Option B) is the most suitable choice among the provided options. Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is commonly used in treating depression and anxiety disorders. Its tolerability profile is generally favorable, making it a preferred option in patients with CFS who may have sensitivity to side effects. Fluoxetine (Option A) is also an SSRI commonly used in depression and anxiety; however, its long half-life and potential for drug interactions may not make it the optimal choice for patients with CFS. Citalopram (Option C) is another SSRI, but it has more potential for drug interactions compared to sertraline. Clomipramine (Option D) is a tricyclic antidepressant with a higher side effect profile and is not typically the first choice in managing depression and anxiety in CFS patients. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacological properties of different antidepressants and their implications in specific patient populations is crucial for nursing practice. By selecting the most appropriate antidepressant like sertraline for a patient with CFS and comorbid depression and anxiety, nurses can contribute to improved patient outcomes and quality of life. This knowledge empowers nurses to make informed clinical decisions and provide individualized care based on evidence-based practices.