Ethambutol has the following unwanted effect:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ethambutol is a medication commonly used in the treatment of tuberculosis. The unwanted effect associated with ethambutol is retrobulbar neuritis with red-green color blindness. This occurs due to the drug's toxicity to the optic nerve, leading to visual disturbances. Option A, cardiotoxicity, is incorrect as ethambutol does not primarily affect the heart. Option B, immunetoxicity, is also incorrect as ethambutol is not known for causing toxicity to the immune system. Option D, hepatotoxicity, is incorrect as ethambutol does not have a significant impact on the liver. In an educational context, understanding the side effects of medications is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure safe and effective patient care. Pharmacology Across the Lifespan emphasizes the importance of knowing the specific adverse effects of drugs to anticipate, recognize, and manage them appropriately. This knowledge ensures patient safety and optimal treatment outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, understanding the classification and properties of antimalarial drugs is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions when treating patients. In this question, the correct answer is C) Primaquine. Primaquine is not a 4-quinoline derivative, unlike the other options provided. Chloroquine (A), Mefloquine (B), and Amodiaquine (D) are all 4-quinoline derivatives commonly used as antimalarial agents. Understanding the chemical structure and classification of drugs helps in predicting their pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, potential side effects, and drug interactions. Educationally, this question not only tests the knowledge of specific antimalarial drugs but also reinforces the importance of recognizing drug classes and their distinguishing features. By differentiating between drug classes, healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans, monitor for adverse effects, and optimize patient care based on the unique characteristics of each drug. This question highlights the need for precision and accuracy in pharmacological knowledge, especially when dealing with medications that have specific chemical structures and properties.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in some species of helminthes. Niclosamide is an anthelmintic medication used to treat various worm infections. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in certain species of helminthes. This means that niclosamide disrupts the energy production process in these parasites, leading to their eventual death. Option A is incorrect because increasing cell membrane permeability for calcium is not the mechanism of action of niclosamide. Option B is also incorrect as blocking acetylcholine transmission is not how niclosamide works. Option C is incorrect as inhibiting microtubule synthesis and impairing glucose uptake are not the primary actions of niclosamide. Understanding the mechanism of action of pharmacological agents like niclosamide is crucial for healthcare professionals to effectively treat infections. Knowing how a drug works helps in selecting the appropriate treatment, understanding potential side effects, and ensuring successful patient outcomes. In pharmacology education, emphasizing the mechanisms of action of drugs is essential to develop a deep understanding of how different medications interact with the body to produce therapeutic effects. This knowledge is foundational for healthcare providers in making informed decisions about drug therapy for their patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the treatment of strongyloidiasis, the correct drug to use is Ivermectin (Option D). Ivermectin is an anthelmintic medication that is highly effective against Strongyloides stercoralis, the parasite responsible for causing strongyloidiasis. It works by paralyzing and killing the parasites, leading to their elimination from the body. Option A, Niclosamide, is an anthelmintic drug used to treat tapeworm infections, not strongyloidiasis. Option B, Praziquantel, is effective against schistosomiasis and some other parasitic infections, but not specifically for strongyloidiasis. Option C, Bithionol, is an older anthelmintic agent that is not commonly used today due to its side effects and potential toxicity. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate drug therapies for parasitic infections is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in areas where these infections are endemic. Knowing the correct drug for strongyloidiasis can ensure proper treatment and improve patient outcomes. It is essential for students and practitioners to differentiate between various anthelmintic medications and their indications to provide optimal care to patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Zidovudine. Zidovudine belongs to the class of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and is commonly used in the treatment of HIV infection. NRTIs work by interfering with the process of viral replication by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A) Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes simplex virus infections and varicella-zoster virus infections. It is not effective against HIV as it targets a different type of virus. C) Ganciclovir is also an antiviral medication used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. It is not used for the treatment of HIV infection. D) Trifluridine is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of certain eye infections caused by the herpes simplex virus. It is not indicated for the treatment of HIV. Understanding the classification of antiretroviral drugs is crucial in pharmacology, especially when treating conditions like HIV. It is important for healthcare professionals to be able to differentiate between the various classes of antiretrovirals to provide effective and appropriate treatment to patients. Recognizing the specific drug classes and their mechanisms of action is essential for successful management of HIV infection across the lifespan.