Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secreted by the gonads. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics. Choices A and B are incorrect because testosterone induces virilization (masculinizing effects) while estrogen and progesterone are more associated with feminizing effects. Choice D is incorrect because estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are not secreted by the adenohypophysis, which mainly produces and releases other hormones such as growth hormone and prolactin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because obesity can lead to insulin resistance, which antagonizes insulin, causing elevated blood glucose levels. Additionally, obesity is associated with increased risk of hypertension, leading to increased blood pressure. Therefore, all choices are applicable in describing the effects of obesity on the body.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why Choice C is correct: 1. The pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon. 2. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them. 3. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. 4. Disruption in their secretion can lead to diseases like diabetes. Summary: Choice A is incorrect because the pancreas does not secrete steroids related to sugar, salt, and sex. Choice B is incorrect because the pancreas is not controlled by the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the pancreas does not secrete iodine-containing hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: acute adrenal insufficiency. Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the adrenal glands' natural cortisol production. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. Cushing syndrome (choice A) is caused by excessive cortisol, hypocalcemic tetany (choice B) is due to low calcium levels, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) is a disorder of water balance regulation, not related to prednisone withdrawal.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that specifically regulates salt and water balance in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, thus helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Explanation for incorrect choices: B: Glucagon - Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that primarily regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver. It does not play a role in salt and water balance regulation. C: Cortisol - Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is involved in the body's response to stress and helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. It does not have a direct role in salt and water balance. D: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption. While it is involved