Erikson’s theory of development: Who has achieved ego integrity vs. despair?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage of ego integrity vs. despair occurs in late adulthood. This stage involves reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction (ego integrity) or regret and hopelessness (despair). The 80-year-old man who made funeral arrangements is most likely to have achieved ego integrity as this action indicates acceptance of mortality and a sense of closure, leading to peace and contentment. The other options are incorrect because they do not align with the characteristics of ego integrity. The 72-year-old man who is reluctant to retire may still be grappling with the idea of aging and change, indicating potential feelings of despair. The 78-year-old woman scheduling her third facelift may be seeking external validation and trying to hold onto youth, which does not reflect a sense of inner peace and acceptance. The 67-year-old woman depressed about not being promoted is still focused on external achievements and validation, which is more characteristic of earlier developmental stages. Educationally, understanding Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pharmacology, as it helps in comprehending patients' behaviors, motivations, and emotional states. Recognizing where individuals are in their developmental journey can aid in providing more holistic and empathetic care tailored to their unique needs and challenges.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of a hurricane aftermath, the correct answer is "D) Outbreaks of acute respiratory infection." This is because in the aftermath of a natural disaster like a hurricane, there is a high risk of overcrowding in shelters, limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities, and exposure to environmental contaminants. These conditions can lead to a higher incidence of respiratory infections such as pneumonia and influenza due to compromised immune systems and poor living conditions. Option A, "Unequal access to health care," while a valid concern in general public health, may not be the immediate consequence following a hurricane. In the acute phase of a disaster, emergency response teams are typically deployed to provide care to affected populations. Option B, "Exposure to CA-MRSA," is a specific bacterial infection that may occur in disaster settings but is less common compared to respiratory infections which spread more easily in crowded and unsanitary conditions. Option C, "Increased incidence of suicide," is a serious issue in disaster situations due to psychological distress, but respiratory infections are more directly linked to the environmental and health conditions that follow a hurricane. Understanding the specific health risks associated with natural disasters is crucial for healthcare providers and emergency responders to effectively address the needs of affected communities and provide appropriate preventive and treatment measures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology and healthcare, understanding the levels of prevention is crucial. Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and intervention to prevent the progression of a disease. In the context of breast cancer, yearly mammograms represent a method of secondary prevention as they aim to detect cancer at an early stage when treatment is most effective. Option A, self-breast examination education, is more aligned with primary prevention as it aims to educate individuals on how to detect any abnormal changes in their breasts. While self-examinations are important, they fall under primary prevention. Option C, chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer, is a form of treatment rather than prevention. Chemotherapy is typically used in the treatment phase of cancer care to target and destroy cancer cells. Option D, complete mastectomy for breast cancer, is a treatment option for individuals who have already been diagnosed with breast cancer. It is not a method of prevention but rather a therapeutic intervention to remove cancerous tissue. Educationally, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the distinctions between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies to provide optimal care for patients. By recognizing the role of mammograms in secondary prevention, healthcare providers can emphasize the importance of early detection in improving outcomes for individuals at risk of breast cancer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this case, the best research methodology to answer the question about the experience of teenagers who lose a sibling to cancer is qualitative research (option B). Qualitative research allows for in-depth exploration and understanding of individuals' experiences, feelings, and perspectives. This methodology is well-suited for capturing the nuanced and subjective aspects of the psychological and emotional impact of losing a sibling to cancer on teenagers. Evidence-based practice research (option A) typically involves the integration of research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values. While it is valuable in guiding clinical decision-making, it may not provide the detailed insights and personal narratives that qualitative research can offer in understanding the lived experiences of individuals in this context. Quantitative research (option C) focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis. While it can provide valuable generalizable findings, it may not capture the depth and complexity of the teenagers' experiences in dealing with the loss of a sibling to cancer. Clinical judgment research (option D) refers to the process of using clinical expertise to inform practice. While clinical judgment is essential in healthcare decision-making, it may not be the most appropriate methodology for exploring and understanding the subjective experiences of teenagers in this specific context. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate research methodology is crucial for conducting meaningful and impactful research, especially in sensitive areas like health promotion. Choosing the right methodology ensures that researchers can effectively explore and address the research question, leading to valuable insights and potential interventions to support teenagers dealing with the loss of a sibling to cancer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Building a partnership with an obese individual who is trying to lose weight requires the nurse to learn about the methods of weight loss (Option C) because it empowers the individual to make informed decisions about their health. Educating the individual on different weight loss strategies, healthy eating habits, and exercise routines enables them to take ownership of their journey towards weight loss. This approach promotes long-term success and sustainability as the individual gains knowledge and skills to make healthy choices independently. The other options are incorrect because: A) Scheduling a day to exercise with the individual (Option A) may not be feasible or appropriate for the nurse due to time constraints, conflicting schedules, or professional boundaries. It is more effective to educate the individual on various exercise options and help them develop a personalized plan. B) Going grocery shopping for the individual (Option B) may undermine the individual's autonomy and ability to make healthy food choices on their own. Instead, the nurse can educate the individual on how to read food labels, choose nutritious foods, and plan balanced meals. D) Giving the individual a weight loss goal (Option D) without proper assessment and individualization can be demotivating and unrealistic. Setting unrealistic goals may lead to frustration and failure, whereas the focus should be on setting achievable, incremental goals tailored to the individual's needs and abilities. In an educational context, teaching individuals about weight loss methods not only empowers them to make healthier choices but also builds a foundation for long-term behavior change. By providing evidence-based information and support, nurses can promote sustainable lifestyle modifications and improve the overall health and well-being of their patients.