Erikson’s task of autonomy vs. shame and doubt occurs during which stage of development?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology education, understanding Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is crucial as it can impact patient interactions and medication adherence. The correct answer is B) Early childhood. During this stage, typically occurring between ages 1 to 3 years old, children are developing a sense of independence and autonomy. They start to assert their will and make choices, leading to the development of self-control. Failure to develop autonomy during this stage can result in feelings of shame and doubt. Option A) Infancy is incorrect because Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust occurs during this period, focusing on developing trust in caregivers. Option C) Late childhood is incorrect as this stage is associated with Erikson's industry vs. inferiority, which typically occurs between ages 6 to 11 years old, focusing on developing a sense of competence. Option D) Early adolescence is incorrect as this stage aligns with Erikson's identity vs. role confusion, which occurs during the teenage years, focusing on developing a sense of self and identity. Understanding Erikson's stages of development can help healthcare professionals better assess and support patients at different life stages, promoting holistic care and treatment adherence.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option D: Decreased visual acuity. For a Type 1 diabetic client, changes in visual acuity can have significant implications for their nursing plan of care. Diabetes can affect the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to diabetic retinopathy and potential vision problems. Monitoring and addressing changes in visual acuity are crucial in managing diabetic complications and preventing further deterioration of eye health. Option A: Decreased sense of hearing is not directly related to diabetes or the cognitive-perceptual pattern of a Type 1 diabetic client. While sensory changes may occur in diabetes, hearing impairment is not commonly associated with the condition. Option B: Decreased sense of smell is also not typically a primary concern in the cognitive-perceptual pattern of a Type 1 diabetic client. This sensory change is not directly linked to the diabetic condition and would not have as significant implications for the nursing plan of care in this context. Option C: Decreased sense of taste, like smell, is not a key factor in assessing the cognitive-perceptual pattern of a Type 1 diabetic client. While changes in taste perception may occur in some individuals with diabetes, it is not a typical or primary consideration in the cognitive-perceptual assessment of these clients. Educationally, understanding the specific sensory changes that can occur in diabetes and their implications for nursing care is essential for providing comprehensive and individualized care to diabetic clients. By prioritizing assessments of visual acuity and other relevant sensory changes, nurses can tailor their interventions to address the specific needs and risks associated with diabetes-related complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Health-perception–health-management pattern. This alteration in functional pattern indicates a discrepancy in the individual's awareness and management of their own health. By not receiving a Pap test for years, the woman is neglecting a crucial aspect of preventive healthcare, which falls under health perception and management. Option B) Elimination pattern is incorrect as it pertains to bowel and bladder elimination functions, which are not directly related to the issue of not receiving a Pap test. Option C) Activity-rest pattern involves sleep, rest, and exercise, which are not directly related to the situation described in the question. Option D) Self-perception–self-concept pattern relates to self-esteem and body image, which are also not directly impacted by the lack of a Pap test. Educationally, understanding functional patterns in nursing practice is crucial for assessing and addressing patients' holistic needs. By recognizing alterations in these patterns, nurses can provide targeted interventions to promote optimal health and well-being. In this case, recognizing the alteration in the health-perception–health-management pattern prompts healthcare providers to educate the woman on the importance of regular Pap tests for early detection of cervical cancer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate nursing intervention for a person with a potential dysfunction in the health-perception–health-management pattern is providing education regarding the dangers of smoking, which is option B. Educational Rationale: 1. **Correct Answer (B):** Providing education about the dangers of smoking aligns with addressing health perception and management issues. By educating the individual about the harmful effects of smoking, the nurse can help enhance the person's understanding of how their behavior impacts their health. This intervention empowers the individual to make informed decisions to improve their health. 2. **Incorrect Answer (A):** Arranging for home delivery of medication is a helpful intervention for medication adherence but may not directly address the underlying issue of health perception and management. While it facilitates access to medication, it does not address the potential dysfunction in the individual's perception of health. 3. **Incorrect Answer (C):** Instituting visiting nurse services for blood pressure checks focuses on monitoring a specific health parameter but does not directly address the overall health perception and management pattern, which is the primary concern in this case. 4. **Incorrect Answer (D):** Providing direct observed therapy for tuberculosis medications is a specific intervention for medication adherence in tuberculosis treatment. While important for treatment success, it does not specifically target the potential dysfunction in health perception and management related to the individual's overall health behaviors. Educational Context: Understanding the health-perception–health-management pattern is crucial in nursing practice to address individuals' beliefs and behaviors related to health. Nurses play a key role in promoting health literacy, providing education, and supporting individuals in making informed decisions to manage their health effectively. By recognizing and addressing potential dysfunctions in this pattern, nurses can contribute significantly to improving health outcomes and promoting overall well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Hispanic. This belief is closely associated with Hispanic culture, where the concept of health as a gift from a higher power or God is deeply ingrained. In Hispanic cultures, there is a strong belief in the interconnectedness of spirituality and health, viewing well-being as a blessing from a divine source. Option A) African, Option B) Alaska Native, and Option C) Asian do not closely align with the specific belief mentioned in the question. While spirituality and beliefs related to health may vary across cultures, the direct association of health as a gift from God is more commonly found in Hispanic cultural contexts. From an educational perspective, understanding the cultural beliefs and practices related to health is crucial for healthcare professionals. Recognizing and respecting these beliefs can lead to more effective communication, better patient outcomes, and culturally competent care. Pharmacology education should include cultural considerations to provide holistic and patient-centered care in diverse populations.