Erikson’s task of autonomy vs. shame and doubt occurs during which stage of development?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Erikson's psychosocial development theory outlines the stages individuals go through from infancy to old age, each marked by a unique conflict to resolve. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the task associated with early childhood (ages 1-3 years). During this stage, children begin to assert their independence by making choices and developing self-control. Success leads to a sense of autonomy and confidence, while failure results in shame and doubt. Option A) Infancy corresponds to Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage, where infants learn to trust their caregivers. Option C) Late childhood aligns with Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage, focusing on developing a sense of competence. Option D) Early adolescence relates to Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage, emphasizing self-identity formation. Understanding Erikson's stages is crucial for healthcare professionals as it informs their approach in promoting healthy development across the lifespan. Recognizing the developmental tasks at each stage aids in assessing and supporting individuals' emotional and social growth, essential in providing holistic care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) This child is one of multiple children closely spaced in age. In this scenario, the nurse can infer that the 7-year-old who is quiet and withdrawn may be feeling overwhelmed or overshadowed by the other children who are playing loudly. Being closely spaced in age with multiple siblings can result in the child feeling lost or unnoticed in the family dynamic. This observation highlights the importance of understanding birth order and age gaps in families, as it can impact each child's individual needs for attention and support. Option A) This child has most likely been abused, is incorrect because the observation does not provide any evidence of abuse. It is important not to jump to conclusions without concrete evidence when assessing a child's behavior. Option C) This family suffers from low self-esteem, and Option D) This family provides harsh punishment for their children, are both incorrect as there is no indication from the observation to support these conclusions. Making assumptions about the family dynamics without proper assessment can lead to misinterpretation and incorrect interventions. By understanding the impact of birth order and age spacing on children's behavior and emotional well-being, healthcare professionals can provide more tailored support and interventions to meet the unique needs of each child in a family setting. This knowledge can also aid in fostering better communication and relationships within blended families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) because it is a critical topic for new parents to be aware of during the postpartum period. SIDS is a major concern for families with newborns, and educating parents about safe sleep practices can help reduce the risk of this tragic event. Discussing SIDS with the family allows the nurse to provide valuable information on creating a safe sleep environment for the baby. Option A) Type 1 diabetes is not directly related to the immediate postpartum care of a newborn and is not a typical topic discussed during follow-up care for a recently delivered family. Option B) Fetal alcohol syndrome is an important topic related to prenatal care and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, but it is not a primary concern in the immediate postpartum period. Option C) Communicable diseases, while important for overall health promotion, are not the most pressing issue to address when providing follow-up care for a family with a new baby. Educationally, discussing SIDS allows the nurse to emphasize the importance of safe sleep practices, such as placing the baby on their back to sleep, using a firm mattress, and avoiding soft bedding. This education empowers parents to take proactive steps to ensure the safety of their infant, promoting health and well-being within the family.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Interview members of the community. This option allows the nurse to directly gather information from the individuals affected by the issue of sedentary lifestyles and lack of safe exercise areas. By conducting interviews, the nurse can obtain firsthand accounts and perspectives, which can provide valuable insights into the community's beliefs and experiences related to exercise opportunities. This approach aligns with the principles of community assessment and participatory research, enabling the nurse to engage with community members in a meaningful way to better understand their needs and concerns. Option A, walking around the neighborhood, may provide some observational data but may not offer comprehensive insights into the community's perceptions and experiences. Option C, obtaining town morbidity and mortality rates, focuses on health outcomes rather than community beliefs and preferences regarding exercise. Option D, going to the town hall to obtain the number of parks, provides limited information about the availability of exercise spaces but does not address the underlying beliefs and barriers that may influence community members' exercise behaviors. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of community assessment and the value of engaging with community members to understand their perspectives and experiences. Nurses and healthcare professionals need to employ culturally sensitive and community-centered approaches to health promotion and maintenance, which involve actively listening to and involving community members in identifying and addressing health-related issues. Conducting interviews with community members allows for a more nuanced understanding of the factors contributing to sedentary lifestyles and can inform the development of targeted interventions to promote physical activity and overall well-being in the community.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) Cognitive-perceptual pattern. This functional health pattern provides information about problem-solving and decision-making within communities. The Cognitive-perceptual pattern focuses on an individual's ability to understand and interpret information, problem-solve, and make decisions. Within communities, this pattern is crucial as it influences how individuals think about and address issues collectively. Option B) Self-perception–self-concept pattern, focuses on self-esteem and self-image, which do not directly relate to community problem-solving. Option C) Coping-stress tolerance pattern, pertains to an individual’s ability to cope with stressors and does not specifically address community problem-solving. Option D) Health-perception–health-management pattern, is more about an individual's perception of health and how they manage their own health, rather than community-level decision-making. Understanding functional health patterns is essential in nursing practice as they provide a framework for holistic assessment. By recognizing the significance of each pattern, nurses can tailor interventions to promote health and well-being at individual and community levels.