Epinephrine is effective in helping reverse the adverse effects of anaphylaxis. It is the drug of choice because it causes bronchodilation and vasoconstriction to improve respiratory effort and improve blood pressure. What other effect does epinephrine have on the patient's body during an anaphylactic reaction?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (A): 1. Epinephrine acts on alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. 2. By binding to alpha receptors, it causes vasoconstriction which helps in increasing blood pressure. 3. By binding to beta-2 receptors, it causes bronchodilation which improves respiratory effort. 4. Epinephrine also reduces the release of chemical mediators such as histamine from mast cells, which helps in counteracting the allergic response. 5. Therefore, choice A is correct as it highlights an additional beneficial effect of epinephrine in managing anaphylaxis. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Epinephrine does not directly reduce the inflammatory response; it mainly acts on vasoconstriction and bronchodilation. C: While epinephrine can increase heart rate, the primary purpose is not to improve peripheral perfusion, but to counteract the effects of anaphylaxis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct immediate management for a profusely bleeding wound like this is to apply direct pressure on the wound (Choice B). This helps control the bleeding by compressing the blood vessels and promoting clot formation. Applying a tourniquet (Choice A) should be avoided in this situation as it is typically used as a last resort for uncontrollable bleeding. Packing the wound with gauze (Choice C) can worsen the bleeding by disrupting clots and should be avoided. Direct pressure on the femoral artery at the groin (Choice D) is not recommended as the wound is in the thigh, and applying pressure on the artery directly can be difficult and may not effectively control the bleeding.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the trachea in infants is relatively short, increasing the risk of bronchial intubation. The distance from the lips to the larynx (choice B) may affect tube placement but not specifically bronchial intubation. The use of tubes without cuffs (choice C) may contribute to tube slippage but not necessarily bronchial intubation. While the mainstem bronchi being less angulated (choice D) could facilitate intubation, it does not directly explain the likelihood of bronchial intubation in infants.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Perform needle cricothyroidotomy with jet insufflation." In this scenario, the infant is in respiratory distress and intubation has been unsuccessful. Needle cricothyroidotomy is the most appropriate procedure as it is a rapid and effective method to secure an airway in emergency situations. It involves creating a temporary airway using a needle inserted into the cricothyroid membrane. Jet insufflation can then provide oxygen to the patient. Choice B is incorrect as administering heliox and racemic epinephrine does not address the immediate need to secure the airway. Choice C, performing nasotracheal intubation, may not be feasible in this emergency situation. Choice D, performing surgical cricothyroidotomy, is a more invasive procedure compared to needle cricothyroidotomy and may not be as quickly performed in this critical situation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Early gastric decompression is important." In pregnant patients following blunt trauma, there is a risk of gastric distension due to compression by the gravid uterus, which can lead to aspiration. Early gastric decompression helps prevent this complication. Choice B is incorrect because an Hb level of 10g/dl does not specifically indicate recent blood loss. Choice C is incorrect as pregnant patients may have an exaggerated CVP response to volume resuscitation. Choice D is incorrect as the lap belt can cause direct pressure on the gravid uterus, increasing the risk of injury to the fetus.