Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla will produce the same results as the _____ nervous system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: sympathetic. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system. They activate the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action in response to stress or danger. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because parasympathetic regulates rest and digest functions, somatic controls voluntary movements, and central refers to the brain and spinal cord, not a division of the autonomic nervous system like sympathetic.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response. When the body perceives a threat, these hormones are released by the adrenal glands, preparing the body for a rapid response to danger. Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, while norepinephrine helps maintain alertness and focus. Choice A (Thyroxine and melatonin) are hormones involved in regulating metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, not the 'fight-or-flight' response. Choice B (Insulin and glucagon) are hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, not the 'fight-or-flight' response. Choice D (Oestrogen and progesterone) are reproductive hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, not the 'fight-or-flight' response.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon. This hormone acts as a regulator of the endocrine system by suppressing the secretion of these hormones. By inhibiting the release of insulin, somatostatin helps to prevent hypoglycemia, while inhibiting glucagon release helps to maintain blood glucose levels. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the function of somatostatin in regulating the release of insulin and glucagon. B stimulates the release of both hormones, C stimulates glucagon while inhibits insulin, and D inhibits glucagon while stimulates insulin, which are all contradictory to the known actions of somatostatin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The liberation of proteins to free amino acids occurs primarily in the small intestine lumen. In the stomach, proteins are broken down into smaller peptides but not fully liberated to amino acids. The enterocyte cytoplasm is where amino acids are absorbed. The brush border aids in absorption but doesn't release proteins to amino acids. Therefore, the correct answer is D (stomach) as it is not the site for the final step of protein digestion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: D Rationale: 1. Hemolytic anemia results in increased breakdown of red blood cells. 2. Bilirubin is produced during the breakdown of heme in red blood cells. 3. Increased breakdown leads to elevated unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin levels. 4. This unconjugated bilirubin can overwhelm the liver's conjugation capacity, causing hyperbilirubinemia. Summary: A: Incorrect. Conjugated bilirubin is more soluble than unconjugated. B: Incorrect. Conjugated bilirubin is excreted via urine, not intestine. C: Incorrect. Bile duct obstruction causes conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, not unconjugated.