Epilepsy surgery is often used to treat refractory epilepsy of a number of etiologiincluding the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Epilepsy surgery targets focal, resectable lesions in refractory cases, such as cortical dysplasia , tuberous sclerosis , polymicrogyria , and Sturge-Weber syndrome , where identifiable epileptogenic zon(e.g., tubers, malformations) can be removed. Degenerative problems , like Alzheimers or metabolic encephalopathies, are diffuse, progressive, and lack focal targets, making surgery inappropriate. This distinction focal versus diffuse pathology makes D the exception and correct answer, as surgery requira localized seizure focus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Valproate is the first-line AED for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizurin children, per guidelin(e.g., ILAE), due to its broad-spectrum efficacy via sodium channel blockade and GABA enhancement. Phenytoin and carbamazepine target focal seizures, worsening some generalized types. Phenobarbital is sedating and less preferred, while topiramate is adjunctive. Valproatversatility and evidence base make D the correct answer over focal-specific or outdated options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Fever is the most common trigger of status epilepticus in children, often via febrile seizurprogressing to prolonged events, per studi(e.g., Chin et al.). CNS infection , medication change , trauma , and metabolic causare less frequent precipitants. Fevers prevalence in young children drivits dominance, making B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Deformational plagiocephaly, from external pressure, risks include firstborn status , torticollis , delay , and bottle feeding due to positioning. Female sex is not a risk; malare more affected (~2:1), possibly from larger heads or positioning habits. This gender disparity makes A the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Personality change with seizursuggests an intracranial tumor , as mass effects or frontal/temporal lobe irritation can alter behavior and trigger epilepsy. Degenerative and metabolic diseascause diffuse symptoms, not focal personality shifts. Stimulants and congenital issulack this link. Tumors focal impact makes A the correct answer.