Epidemiology as a science deals with the assessmen

Question 1 of 5

Epidemiology as a science deals with the assessment of:

A. occurrence of health phenomena. B. conditioning of health phenomena. C. effectiveness of interventions. D. A, B and C are correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Epidemiology studies the occurrence (A), determinants (B), and control/effectiveness of interventions (C) related to health phenomena.

Question 2 of 5

A biomarker of exposure used in environmental epidemiology to assess the effect of environmental exposure on the examined health outcome is defined as:

A. marker of individual susceptibility to the exposure to a harmful environmental factor. B. marker of early (subclinical) health effects of the exposure to a harmful environmental factor. C. marker of the exposure to a harmful environmental factor obtained using dosimetry techniques that measure the individual exposure. D. marker of the exposure to a harmful environmental factor provided by the direct measurement of the concentration of a xenobiotic or its metabolite in a biological material obtained from the individual who is exposed to the factor in question.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A biomarker of exposure is measured directly in biological samples (e.g., blood, urine) to confirm exposure to a specific agent.

Question 3 of 5

Nosocomial infections are an example of the contemporary epidemic spread of infectious diseases. Which of the following concerning these infections is false?

A. particular risk related to hospital stay is due to frequent contacts with mutations of pathogens resistant to antibiotics and antimicrobial/antibacterial agents. B. nosocomial infections require additional tests and therapeutic agents. C. as a result of nosocomial infections the number of deaths in each age range increases. D. from the epidemiological point of view, nosocomial infections may be of pandemic nature.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nosocomial infections donâ€™t uniformly increase deaths across all age ranges; impact varies by patient condition and age-specific risks.

Question 4 of 5

Health policy programs are developed and implemented by:

A. National Health Fund. B. hospitals. C. primary care physicians. D. local government units and ministers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Poland, health policy programs are a joint effort of local government units and national ministries (e.g., Ministry of Health).

Question 5 of 5

Identifying sources of infection, routs of its transmission and people susceptible to infection are action taken in the case of:

A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. disinfestation. D. epidemic outbreak.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: These actions are part of managing an epidemic outbreak to control its spread.

Epidemiology as a science deals with the assessment of:

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