Enzymatic activity that changes a medication into a less active form is an example of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Enzymatic change to a less active form is metabolism, a pharmacokinetic process altering drugs for excretion, distinct from pharmacodynamics (drug effects), active transport (energy-driven movement), or diffusion (passive spread). Pharmacokinetics governs this transformation, key to drug handling.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic that is commonly used for pain management, but it is not typically used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Instead, medications such as loperamide or diphenoxylate/atropine are more commonly employed for managing diarrhea. Morphine can actually cause constipation as a side effect due to its action on opioid receptors in the gut. Therefore, the statement that morphine is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery is false.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The relationship of the blood concentration attained with initial dosing and the dose of drug given is best described by the concept of steady state. Steady state refers to the point at which the rate of drug input (dose) equals the rate of drug elimination, resulting in consistent drug levels in the blood. Achieving steady state typically requires several half-lives of the drug, during which the drug concentration gradually increases with each dose until it stabilizes. The dose of the drug given will influence how quickly steady state is reached and at what concentration the drug will be maintained in the body. Factors such as bioavailability, half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance play important roles in determining the dosage needed to reach and maintain steady state drug levels in the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Angiotensin II receptor agents, also known as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), have medication names that typically end in "sartan." Examples of angiotensin II receptor agents include losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, and telmisartan. Therefore, option A, "sar-tan," is the correct answer that matches the medication naming convention for this drug class.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A. Hypoglycemia is a major adverse effect of regular insulin. This occurs when insulin lowers blood glucose levels too much, causing symptoms such as sweating, shaking, confusion, and even loss of consciousness if severe.