Endurance type exercise training modulates fuel storage and substrate use. Adaptive responses include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Endurance training enhances intramuscular lipid use during exercise, increasing storage and oxidation efficiency as mitochondria and enzymes adapt, sparing glycogen for longer efforts. Lowering intramuscular lipid storage contradicts this training boosts it for fuel. Increasing liver glycogen content occurs, but it's not the primary exercise-use adaptation; it supports glucose homeostasis. Increasing muscle glycogen use during exercise opposes training's glycogen-sparing effect use efficiency improves, not quantity. Intramuscular lipid reliance grows, distinguishing it as a key adaptation, aligning with endurance's fat-burning shift, unlike glycogen-focused or storage-reducing changes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The linea alba, a midline fibrous band, runs vertically, splitting rectus abdominis into left and right halves, formed by aponeuroses of abdominal muscles. It's tendinous, not muscular, and doesn't compress organs obliques do that. It's not a hip-knee connector (e.g., iliotibial band) or tendinous inscription (rectus abdominis crossbands). Its central tendon role distinguishes it, vital for abdominal wall unity.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The kidney's layered anatomy includes the cortex as the outer region, the renal pelvis as the innermost collecting area, and the renal medulla as the intermediate zone. The medulla, situated between the cortex and pelvis, contains renal pyramids triangular structures that channel urine toward the pelvis via collecting ducts. Unlike the cortex, which filters blood, the medulla concentrates urine, regulating water and electrolyte balance through its loop of Henle and collecting tubules. The nephron is a functional unit crossing multiple layers, not a layer itself, while the renal pelvis is a central cavity. The medulla's middle position and its role in urine concentration distinguish it, reflecting the kidney's progressive processing from filtration to excretion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Seaweeds concentrate iodine far above ocean levels, requiring energy to move it against its concentration gradient from low outside to high inside. Active transport, using ATP-powered pumps, achieves this, unlike diffusion or passive transport, which move substances down gradients without energy. Osmosis involves water, not solutes like iodine. Active transport's energy dependency enables seaweeds to accumulate iodine for metabolic needs, such as thyroid hormone precursors, showcasing a key adaptation in marine organisms for nutrient uptake.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A Foley catheter, a flexible tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder, primarily drains urine in patients unable to urinate naturally, such as post-surgery or with urinary retention. Its balloon tip secures it, allowing continuous drainage into a bag. It doesn't administer fluids or medications those use IVs or other catheters nor monitor pressure, which requires sensors. Draining urine, its core medical function, prevents complications like infection or kidney damage, distinguishing it in clinical practice.