Encopresis means:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Encopresis is a term used in pediatric nursing to describe the voluntary passage of stool in underwear or inappropriate places. This behavior is typically involuntary and can be a result of chronic constipation or emotional issues. Option A, "Rabbit pellets form of stool," is incorrect because it describes a type of stool consistency, not encopresis. Option B, "Diarrhea," is also incorrect as it refers to a different bowel issue characterized by loose or watery stools. Option D, "Hard infrequent painful defecation," describes symptoms of constipation rather than the behavior of encopresis. In an educational context, understanding the definition of encopresis is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for children experiencing this issue. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of encopresis allows nurses to provide appropriate interventions, support, and education to both the child and their caregivers. Encopresis can have a significant impact on a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, so early identification and intervention are essential for effective management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding radiographic manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. In this case, hyperinflation with bilateral interstitial infiltrates and peri-bronchial cuffing are indicative of viral pneumonia, making option A the correct answer. Viral pneumonia often presents with diffuse interstitial infiltrates and hyperinflation due to air trapping in the alveoli. Additionally, peri-bronchial cuffing, a thickening of the bronchial walls, is a common finding in viral pneumonia due to inflammatory changes in the airways. Option B, typical bacterial pneumonia, usually presents with lobar consolidation on chest x-ray, not the interstitial infiltrates seen in the question. Parasitic pneumonia (option C) and fungal pneumonia (option D) typically present with different radiographic patterns such as nodular infiltrates or cavitation, which are not consistent with the described findings. Educationally, understanding these radiographic manifestations helps nurses differentiate between different types of pneumonia, guiding appropriate treatment and care. It reinforces the importance of thorough assessment and knowledge of common pediatric respiratory conditions to provide optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the FAB classification system for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the correct answer is B) L2 is associated with large-size blasts. In this classification, L1 refers to small, uniform blasts, while L2 indicates larger, more varied blasts. This distinction is important as it provides valuable information about the characteristics of the leukemia cells and can guide treatment decisions. Option A) L1 is associated with CNS infiltration is incorrect because CNS infiltration is actually more commonly associated with L2 ALL, not L1. This highlights the need for accurate classification to tailor treatment approaches, especially in cases where CNS involvement may impact management. Option C) L2 is associated with CNS infiltration is incorrect as both L1 and L2 ALL can involve the central nervous system, but L2 is more commonly associated with this complication. Option D) L1 is associated with blast vacuoles is incorrect as blast vacuoles are actually more commonly seen in L2 ALL, further emphasizing the importance of precise classification for appropriate management strategies. Understanding the FAB classification system is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children with ALL. It helps in identifying different subtypes of the disease based on cell morphology, which in turn influences treatment decisions and prognosis. By grasping these nuances, nurses can provide more tailored and effective care to pediatric patients with ALL.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of herpes simplex infections. It is a potent antiviral medication that specifically targets herpes viruses. Herpes simplex is a common viral infection that causes cold sores and genital herpes, and acyclovir is effective in managing and reducing the symptoms associated with these conditions. Option B) Enteroviruses are a group of viruses that typically cause mild illnesses like the common cold or hand, foot, and mouth disease. Acyclovir is not effective against enteroviruses as it is designed to target herpes viruses specifically. Option C) Mumps is a viral infection caused by the mumps virus. Acyclovir is not indicated for treating mumps as it is not effective against this particular virus. Option D) Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. Acyclovir is not used to treat measles infections as it is not effective against the measles virus. Educationally, it is essential for pediatric nurses to understand the specific indications for medications like acyclovir to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients. Understanding the appropriate use of antiviral medications can help prevent the spread of viral infections and improve patient outcomes. It is crucial for nurses to be knowledgeable about the mechanisms of action and indications of commonly used medications to make informed clinical decisions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), platelet transfusion is indicated when the platelet count is critically low to prevent bleeding complications. The correct answer is A) 10,000/mm3. When the platelet count drops below 10,000/mm3, there is a significantly increased risk of spontaneous bleeding, especially in critical areas such as the brain. Option B) 30,000/mm3 is too high of a threshold for initiating platelet transfusion in ITP. Waiting for the platelet count to drop to this level may result in unnecessary bleeding episodes. Option C) 40,000/mm3 and Option D) 50,000/mm3 are even higher thresholds and waiting until these levels may result in serious bleeding complications for the patient with ITP. From an educational standpoint, understanding the appropriate indications for platelet transfusion in ITP is crucial for pediatric nurses. It ensures timely and appropriate interventions to prevent life-threatening bleeding in these vulnerable patients. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the specific platelet count thresholds to deliver safe and effective care to children with ITP.