Encopresis means:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Encopresis is a condition where a child voluntarily passes stool in inappropriate places, such as in their underwear. This behavior is usually not due to a medical issue but rather psychological factors like stress or resistance to toilet training. Therefore, option C is correct as it directly describes the characteristic feature of encopresis. Option A, rabbit pellets form of stool, describes a possible appearance of stool but does not define encopresis. Option B, diarrhea, is a completely different bowel issue characterized by loose, watery stools. Option D, hard infrequent painful defecation, describes constipation, which is also distinct from encopresis. In an educational context, understanding the correct definition of encopresis is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care and support to children and their families. By recognizing the behavior patterns associated with encopresis, nurses can tailor interventions to address the underlying causes and help the child overcome this condition effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Viral pneumonia. Hyperinflation with bilateral interstitial infiltrates and peri-bronchial cuffing are classic radiographic findings in viral pneumonia. Viral pneumonia is commonly associated with these radiographic manifestations due to the inflammatory response in the lungs leading to hyperinflation and interstitial infiltrates. The peri-bronchial cuffing seen is a result of inflammation and edema around the bronchial walls. Option B) Typical bacterial pneumonia usually presents with lobar consolidation rather than interstitial infiltrates and hyperinflation. Option C) Parasitic pneumonia is rare and typically presents with a different pattern on radiographic imaging. Option D) Fungal pneumonia often presents with nodular opacities or cavitations on imaging, rather than the described findings. Understanding the radiographic manifestations of different types of pneumonia is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these patterns can aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the FAB classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the correct answer is B) L2 is associated with large-size blasts. This classification system categorizes ALL based on cell size, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear chromatin pattern, and presence of nucleoli. L2 subtype is characterized by larger blasts with more prominent nucleoli and less cytoplasm compared to L1 subtype. Option A) L1 is associated with CNS infiltration is incorrect because L1 subtype is actually associated with a higher incidence of mediastinal involvement, not CNS infiltration. Option C) L2 is associated with CNS infiltration is also incorrect as CNS infiltration is more commonly seen in T-cell ALL rather than being specific to L2 subtype. Option D) L1 is associated with blast vacuoles is incorrect as blast vacuoles are more commonly seen in L3 subtype of ALL. Educationally, understanding the FAB classification is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with ALL as it helps in determining the prognosis, guiding treatment decisions, and predicting response to therapy. Nurses must be familiar with the different subtypes and their respective characteristics to provide optimal care and support to these vulnerable patients and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of herpes simplex infections. This antiviral medication works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, specifically herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. It is commonly used to treat oral and genital herpes infections in pediatric patients. Option A is correct because acyclovir is specifically designed to target herpes simplex viruses, making it an effective treatment for these infections. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because acyclovir is not indicated for the treatment of enteroviruses, mumps, or measles. Enteroviruses are a different family of viruses that require different treatment approaches. Mumps and measles are viral infections caused by different pathogens, and acyclovir is not effective against these viruses. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate use of medications like acyclovir is crucial for pediatric nurses. By knowing the indications and contraindications of medications, nurses can provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients. It is essential for nurses to have a strong foundation in pharmacology to make informed decisions when administering medications to children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), platelet transfusion is indicated when the platelet count is critically low to prevent severe bleeding. The correct answer is A) 10,000/mm3. Platelet transfusion is typically considered when the platelet count falls below 10,000/mm3 in ITP to raise the platelet count rapidly and prevent life-threatening bleeding episodes. Option B) 30,000/mm3 is higher than the threshold for platelet transfusion in ITP. Platelet transfusion is usually reserved for more severe cases with lower platelet counts. Option C) 40,000/mm3 is also higher than the critical level for platelet transfusion in ITP. Platelet transfusion at this level is generally not necessary unless there are additional risk factors present. Option D) 50,000/mm3 is above the threshold that typically warrants platelet transfusion in ITP. Platelet transfusion at this level is usually not indicated unless there are specific clinical indications requiring immediate platelet support. Understanding the appropriate indications for platelet transfusion in ITP is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for patients with this condition. It is essential to closely monitor platelet counts and be aware of the threshold for intervention to provide timely and appropriate care to prevent complications related to thrombocytopenia.