During which phase of throwing is the elbow joint placed under the most valgus stress?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Late cocking. During late cocking phase of throwing, the arm is maximally externally rotated which places the elbow joint under the most valgus stress. This is due to the extreme abduction and extension of the arm at this stage, leading to increased valgus force on the elbow joint. In contrast, in the early cocking phase (choice C), the arm is in a more neutral position with less valgus stress. The wind-up phase (choice B) involves more shoulder and trunk movements rather than stressing the elbow joint. Follow-through phase (choice A) comes after the release of the ball and does not involve significant valgus stress on the elbow.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Second degree or partial thickness. This type of burn involves damage to both the epidermis and the dermis, resulting in blistering. First-degree burns (A) only affect the epidermis. Third-degree burns (C) extend through the dermis into deeper tissues. Unstageable burns (D) are typically associated with pressure ulcers, not burns. In this case, the presence of blistering indicates partial damage to the dermis, making the burn a second-degree or partial thickness burn.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fast concentric. During fast concentric contractions, the muscle shortens quickly, generating the least force compared to other contractions. This is because the muscle fibers have less time to develop tension, resulting in lower force production. Slow eccentric contractions (choice A) generate more force as the muscle lengthens under tension. Fast eccentric contractions (choice B) produce more force than fast concentric contractions due to the muscle lengthening while under tension. Slow concentric contractions (choice C) generate more force than fast concentric contractions as the muscle shortens slowly, allowing for greater force development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fast concentric. Fast concentric contractions generate the least force because the muscle shortens quickly, leading to lower tension production compared to slow concentric contractions. In fast eccentric contractions (choice B), the muscle lengthens quickly, which can produce more force as it resists against gravity or an external load. Slow eccentric contractions (choice A) involve controlled lengthening of the muscle, resulting in higher force production compared to fast concentric contractions. Slow concentric contractions (choice C) involve controlled shortening of the muscle, leading to higher force production than fast concentric contractions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Optic neuritis. Optic neuritis causes sudden, painful unilateral vision loss due to inflammation of the optic nerve. This condition often presents with reduced visual acuity, color vision changes, and afferent pupillary defect. Vitreous hemorrhage (A) typically causes painless vision loss, while central retinal artery occlusion (B) results in sudden painless vision loss. Macular degeneration (C) usually causes gradual central vision loss without pain.