During the physical examination of a young child, what is the earliest sign of xerophthalmia that may observe?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Conjunctival xerosis. This is the earliest sign of xerophthalmia as it indicates dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva due to lack of vitamin A. Keratomalacia (A) and corneal opacity (B) occur at later stages and are more severe manifestations. Night blindness (C) is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency but typically appears after conjunctival xerosis. Therefore, observing conjunctival xerosis during a physical examination of a young child would be the earliest sign of xerophthalmia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Instruct mothers to keep their babies at home to prevent disease transmission. This is the best course of action during a measles epidemic because keeping babies at home helps reduce their exposure to the virus and prevent its spread. Babies under 6 months are too young for the measles vaccine (choice A), and giving high doses of Retinol (choice B) is not a recommended treatment for measles. Adequate nutrition (choice D) is important for overall health but does not directly address preventing measles transmission.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Antibiotic to prevent pneumonia. Measles can lead to secondary bacterial infections like pneumonia, making antibiotics crucial to prevent complications. Choice A is incorrect as Gentian violet is not recommended for mouth lesions in measles. Choice C is incorrect as Tetracycline eye ointment is not indicated for corneal opacity in measles. Choice D is incorrect as giving Retinol capsules is not a standard management for measles. Antibiotics are essential to prevent and treat bacterial infections associated with measles.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Destroying breeding places of mosquitoes. This is the most effective strategy in controlling Dengue fever because it targets the source of the problem by eliminating the breeding grounds of mosquitoes, which are essential for their reproduction. By removing stagnant water and other potential breeding sites, the mosquito population is significantly reduced, thus lowering the risk of Dengue fever transmission. Choice A, stream seeding with larva-eating fish, may help in controlling mosquito larvae in certain water bodies but may not be as effective in widespread control of Dengue fever transmission. Choice C, chemoprophylaxis, is not a primary prevention strategy and may not be practical for large populations. Choice D, teaching people to use mosquito nets, is a helpful preventive measure but may not be as effective as eliminating breeding sites in reducing Dengue fever transmission.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pinworm. Scotch tape swab is used to check for the presence of pinworm eggs around the anal area. The sticky side of the tape picks up the eggs which can then be examined under a microscope. Ascaris, Hookworm, and Schistosoma do not typically involve the detection of eggs using this method, making them incorrect choices.