During the nursing assessment of the patient with renal insufficiency, the nurse asks the patient specifically about a history of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypertension, a leading cause of renal insufficiency, damages renal vessels not angina (cardiac), asthma (respiratory), or arthritis (autoimmune). This distinguishes hypertension's etiological role, critical for history-taking, contrasting with unrelated conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: UTIs are common in women, less so in older men, and occur in community/hospital settings, but E. coli (not Streptococcus pyogenes) is the commonest cause (>80%). This exception distinguishes UTI microbiology, vital for treatment, contrasting with streptococcal dominance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome results from HGPRT deficiency, impairing purine salvage, raising uric acid not pyrimidine pathways or xanthine oxidase. This distinguishes purine metabolism defects, critical for neurologic/renal symptoms, contrasting with other enzymes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Podocytes have processes, filaments, and form the filtration barrier not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (macula densa, JG cells). This distinguishes podocyte function, critical for filtration, contrasting with JGA regulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis uses lactate, α-ketoglutarate, and glycerol not acetyl CoA (enters Krebs, no net glucose). This distinguishes gluconeogenic substrates, key for fasting metabolism, contrasting with irreversible pathways.