During the examination of a full-term newborn male, a finding requiring investigation would be:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Absent testes. In a full-term newborn male, the absence of testes is a concerning finding that requires immediate investigation to rule out conditions like undescended testes or any underlying genetic abnormalities. This is crucial for ensuring normal development and future fertility. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Meatus centered at the tip of the penis is a normal finding in a full-term newborn. C: Wrinkled scrotum is a common and normal variation in newborns and does not typically require immediate investigation. D: Penis 2 to 3 cm in length is within the expected range for a full-term newborn and is not a cause for concern.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Chloramphenicol is effective in curing typhoid fever by targeting the bacteria causing the infection. 2. However, chloramphenicol does not effectively eradicate the bacteria from the carrier state. 3. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole are also effective in treating typhoid fever but do not specifically target the carrier state. 4. Therefore, the correct answer is D, Chloramphenicol, as it cures typhoid fever but does not prevent the carrier state.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cefuroxime. Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin that has demonstrated in vitro activity against anaerobic gram-negative bacteria like Bacteroides fragilis. This is due to its broader spectrum of activity compared to other choices. A: Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin with limited activity against anaerobic gram-negative bacteria. C: Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin primarily effective against aerobic gram-positive bacteria. D: Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin with limited activity against anaerobic gram-negative bacteria.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Ganciclovir and Foscarnet are active against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Ganciclovir works by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, while Foscarnet inhibits viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Acyclovir, on the other hand, is not effective against CMV as it primarily targets herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Therefore, choices A and B are correct for CMV treatment, making option D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lamivudine and zidovudine. Combivir is a combination therapy that contains these two drugs, which are commonly used together to treat HIV and AIDS. Lamivudine and zidovudine work synergistically to inhibit viral replication by targeting different stages of the HIV life cycle. Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that blocks the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, while zidovudine is also an NRTI that interferes with viral DNA synthesis. This combination helps reduce the viral load and improve the immune response in patients. Incorrect Choices: A: Lamivudine and stavudine - Stavudine is not part of the Combivir combination therapy. C: Abacavir and zidovudine - Abacavir is not part of the Combivir combination therapy. D: Abacavir and stavudine