During hyperpnea:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: During hyperpnea, which is increased rate and depth of breathing, both inspiration and expiration require muscular contractions. Inspiration involves the diaphragm contracting and external intercostal muscles expanding the rib cage, while expiration involves the internal intercostal muscles contracting to decrease the thoracic cavity volume. This increased muscular effort is necessary to meet the increased oxygen demand of the body during hyperpnea. Options A and C are incorrect as they incorrectly describe either inspiration or expiration as passive. Option B is incorrect as it inaccurately states that expiration is passive, which is not the case during hyperpnea.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is responsible for detecting smells, not providing chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. Medullary chemoreceptors, aortic body, and carotid body are all involved in sensing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood, providing crucial input to regulate breathing. The olfactory epithelium is not directly involved in respiratory regulation, making it the exception in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The inspiratory capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. It is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, while inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It does not include tidal volume, so this choice is incorrect. C: Vital capacity includes inspiratory reserve volume, not tidal volume, so this choice is incorrect. D: Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation, not part of inspiratory capacity. Tidal volume is the only correct component in this choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Total lung capacity. This term refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation. It is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume. Vital capacity (A) is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs. Tidal volume (B) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, not the maximum volume. Inspiratory capacity (D) is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the trachea is not covered by the epiglottis; it is a flap of cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing, not the trachea. A is correct as the trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage. C is correct as the trachea branches into the right and left bronchi. D is incorrect as B is false about the trachea.