During cardiopulmonary resuscitation of an infant, how should chest compressions be performed?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of an infant, chest compressions should be performed with 2 fingers of one hand. This technique is recommended by the American Heart Association for infants under 1 year old because their chests are small and compressing with 2 fingers allows for proper depth and pressure without causing harm to the infant's delicate chest. Option A: Using the heel of one hand and the other hand on top is not recommended for infants during CPR as it can lead to excessive force being applied, potentially causing injury to the infant's chest. Option B: Using the heel of one hand only is not the correct technique for infant CPR as it may not provide adequate pressure and depth needed for effective chest compressions on a small infant. Option C: Using 4 fingers of one hand is also not the recommended method for infant CPR as it can lead to uneven pressure distribution and may not achieve the appropriate compression depth required to circulate blood effectively. Educational Context: Understanding the correct technique for performing chest compressions during infant CPR is crucial for healthcare providers and caregivers to ensure the best chances of successful resuscitation in an emergency situation involving an infant. Proper training and practice using the recommended 2-finger technique can help improve outcomes and save lives.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Medullary relapse. In acute leukemia, medullary relapse is the most common type of relapse. This occurs when leukemic cells reappear in the bone marrow, leading to a recurrence of the disease. The bone marrow is the primary site of leukemia, making it a common site for relapse. Option A) Clinical relapse is incorrect because it refers to a relapse based on clinical signs and symptoms, which may not always correlate with disease activity in the bone marrow. Option C) CNS relapse is incorrect as it refers to the involvement of the central nervous system, which is a less common site for relapse in acute leukemia. Option D) Testicular relapse is incorrect as it refers to the involvement of the testicles, which is a rare site for relapse in acute leukemia. Educationally, understanding the pattern of relapse in acute leukemia is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the most common sites of relapse helps in early detection and management of the disease. It is essential for nurses to be knowledgeable about the different types of relapse to provide optimal care and support to pediatric patients and their families facing leukemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding sodium homeostasis is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients. The volume of distribution of sodium refers to the theoretical volume in which a given amount of sodium would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the observed serum sodium concentration. The correct answer is D) 0.6. This value represents the volume of distribution of sodium in the body, indicating that sodium is largely distributed in the extracellular fluid compartment. In pediatric patients, maintaining sodium homeostasis is essential for proper fluid balance, nerve function, and overall health. Option A) 0.2 is incorrect because it is too low to reflect the actual distribution of sodium in the body. Option B) 0.3 is also too low and does not accurately represent the volume of distribution of sodium. Option C) 0.5 is closer to the correct answer but still underestimates the actual volume of distribution of sodium in the body. Educationally, understanding the concept of volume of distribution of sodium in pediatric patients is important for nurses to assess and manage electrolyte imbalances, especially in conditions such as dehydration, hyponatremia, or hypernatremia. By grasping this concept, nurses can make informed decisions regarding fluid and electrolyte interventions to promote optimal health outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, selecting the appropriate endotracheal tube size is crucial to ensure proper airway management and ventilation. For a 4-year-old child, the most suitable internal diameter (ID) size would be A) ID 5. The rationale behind choosing ID 5 is that it aligns with the general guideline of selecting an endotracheal tube size based on the child's age. A 4-year-old child typically has a smaller airway diameter compared to older children or adults, hence a smaller tube size is appropriate to prevent complications like airway trauma or obstruction. Option B) ID 4 is too small and may lead to increased airway resistance and inadequate ventilation. Option C) ID 7 and Option D) ID 6 are larger sizes more suited for older children or adults, which could cause difficulties in proper placement and ventilation in a 4-year-old child. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind selecting appropriate endotracheal tube sizes based on age and airway anatomy is fundamental for pediatric nurses to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients requiring airway management. It emphasizes the importance of individualizing care based on the child's specific needs to prevent potential complications and ensure optimal outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of hyperkalemia is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Major trauma. Hyperkalemia with a normal total body potassium can occur in the setting of major trauma due to the release of potassium from damaged cells, such as muscle cells, into the bloodstream. This sudden influx of potassium can lead to elevated serum levels without an actual increase in total body potassium. Option A) Hyperaldosteronism is incorrect because hyperaldosteronism typically leads to hypokalemia, not hyperkalemia. Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion by the kidneys. Option B) Large amounts of potassium in IV fluids is unlikely to cause hyperkalemia with normal total body potassium because excess potassium from IV fluids would contribute to an overall increase in total body potassium. Option D) Metabolic alkalosis is also an unlikely cause of hyperkalemia with normal total body potassium. Metabolic alkalosis tends to shift potassium into cells, reducing serum levels. Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of considering different etiologies of hyperkalemia in pediatric patients. By understanding the underlying mechanisms of hyperkalemia in various clinical scenarios, nurses can accurately assess and manage children with electrolyte imbalances, ensuring optimal patient outcomes.