During cardiopulmonary resuscitation of an infant, how should chest compressions be performed?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, performing chest compressions correctly during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial for ensuring the best outcomes for the infant. The correct answer, option D, "With 2 fingers of one hand," is based on the guidelines for infant CPR. Using two fingers allows for more precise and controlled compressions on the infant's small chest, ensuring effective circulation of blood. Option A, using the heel of one hand and the other hand on top, is incorrect as it can lead to excessive force being applied, potentially causing harm to the infant's delicate ribs and organs. Option B, using the heel of one hand only, and option C, using 4 fingers of one hand, are also incorrect as they do not provide the necessary precision and depth required for effective chest compressions on an infant. Educationally, understanding the correct technique for infant CPR is essential for healthcare professionals working in pediatric settings. By using two fingers of one hand for chest compressions, practitioners can deliver appropriate care during emergencies, potentially saving lives. Regular training and practice in infant CPR techniques are vital to ensure competency and readiness to respond effectively in critical situations involving pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the drugs used during resuscitation is critical for providing effective care in emergency situations. The correct answer is C) Digitalis is not used during resuscitation in pediatric patients. Digitalis is a medication mainly used for heart conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation in adults. It is not indicated for use in pediatric resuscitation scenarios due to the potential toxicity and lack of evidence supporting its efficacy in this population. A) Atropine is used in pediatric resuscitation to treat symptomatic bradycardia. B) Bicarbonate may be used in cases of metabolic acidosis or certain poisonings. D) Epinephrine is a key medication in pediatric resuscitation for managing cardiac arrest and severe allergic reactions. Educationally, understanding the appropriate medications for pediatric resuscitation helps nurses make quick and accurate decisions to optimize patient outcomes. It is essential for nurses to be familiar with the indications, dosages, and potential side effects of these medications to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients in critical situations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this case, the correct answer is D) Metabolic alkalosis without compensation. To understand why this is the correct interpretation of the ABG results, let's break it down: 1. pH: 7.48 - The pH is elevated, indicating alkalosis. 2. PaCO2: 42 - The PaCO2 is within normal range (35-45 mmHg), indicating that there is no primary respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. 3. HCO3: 30 - The HCO3 level is elevated, indicating metabolic alkalosis. Therefore, the ABG results show a high pH and high bicarbonate level without any significant compensation from the respiratory system, suggesting a primary metabolic alkalosis without any respiratory component. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: A) Metabolic acidosis without compensation: This is incorrect because the pH is elevated, not decreased, and the HCO3 level is high, indicating alkalosis, not acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation: This is incorrect because there is no significant decrease in PaCO2 to indicate respiratory alkalosis, and the HCO3 level is high, indicating metabolic alkalosis. C) Respiratory alkalosis with full compensation: This is incorrect because there is no significant decrease in PaCO2 to indicate respiratory alkalosis, and the HCO3 level is high, indicating metabolic alkalosis. Educational context: Understanding how to interpret ABG results is crucial in pediatric nursing as it helps in identifying and managing various acid-base imbalances in pediatric patients. It is essential for nurses to be able to differentiate between respiratory and metabolic imbalances and understand the compensatory mechanisms involved. This knowledge is vital for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients with complex health needs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Von Willebrand disease. Von Willebrand disease is a common inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, which plays a crucial role in platelet adhesion to damaged blood vessels. This deficiency leads to prolonged bleeding time despite having a normal platelet count. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: A) Hemophilia A is a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of clotting factor VIII, leading to prolonged bleeding, but it does not affect platelet count. C) Leukemia is a type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, which can lead to low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), but it does not typically cause prolonged bleeding time with a normal platelet count. D) Hypersplenism is a condition where the spleen removes blood cells prematurely from circulation, including platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count, but it does not typically cause prolonged bleeding time with a normal platelet count. Educational Context: Understanding the relationship between platelet count, bleeding time, and various disorders is crucial in pediatric nursing. By grasping the pathophysiology of conditions like Von Willebrand disease, nurses can provide appropriate care, anticipate complications, and educate patients and families effectively. This knowledge aids in accurate assessment, diagnosis, and management of pediatric patients with bleeding disorders, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Beta-thalassemia, which is associated with microcytosis. Beta-thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by reduced production of hemoglobin, leading to small red blood cells (microcytosis) and anemia. Option A) Folic acid deficiency is associated with macrocytic anemia, not microcytosis. Folic acid is necessary for red blood cell production, and its deficiency leads to enlarged red blood cells. Option B) Immune hemolytic anemia is characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells by the immune system, leading to hemolysis. This condition does not specifically cause microcytosis. Option C) Hypothyroidism can lead to normocytic anemia, where red blood cells are normal in size but insufficient in quantity. It is not directly associated with microcytosis. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the different causes of anemia and their characteristic features is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Recognizing the link between beta-thalassemia and microcytosis helps nurses provide targeted care and education to patients and their families. It also highlights the importance of thorough assessment and interpretation of laboratory findings in pediatric patients presenting with anemia.