During an examination, the nurse would expect the cervical os of a woman who has never had children to appear:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Small and round. In a woman who has never had children, the cervical os is typically small and round due to the lack of previous childbirth stretching. This is considered normal and expected in nulliparous women. A: Stellate - This is incorrect as a stellate appearance of the cervical os is more commonly associated with trauma or previous childbirth. C: As a horizontal irregular slit - This is incorrect as an irregular slit appearance is more commonly seen in women who have had children. D: Everted - This is incorrect as an everted cervical os is typically seen in conditions such as cervical ectropion or inflammation, not necessarily related to parity status.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Changes in breast size. This is because hormonal changes in early pregnancy can cause breast tenderness, swelling, and darkening of the areola. This typically occurs before a missed period or a positive urine pregnancy test. A missed period (choice A) is a common sign of pregnancy, but not the earliest. A positive urine pregnancy test (choice B) confirms pregnancy but may not be the earliest sign. Abdominal tenderness and bloating (choice D) can occur due to various reasons and are not specific to pregnancy. Therefore, changes in breast size are the earliest and most reliable sign of pregnancy in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of structures that transport urine is from the collecting ducts to the urethra is A: Collecting ducts, Minor calyces, Major calyces, Renal pelvis, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra. This is the correct order because urine is first collected in the collecting ducts in the nephrons, then flows into the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and finally, the urethra for elimination. The other choices are incorrect because they either reverse the order of the structures or place them in a different sequence than the actual physiological process of urine transport in the urinary system.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct path of blood flow in the kidney is from the abdominal aorta to the renal arteries, then to the segmental arteries, followed by interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arteries, glomerulus, efferent arteries, peritubular capillaries, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins, and finally to the inferior vena cava. Choice C accurately follows this sequential flow of blood, making it the correct answer. Explanation for why other choices are incorrect: - Choice A has the incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, which disrupts the correct flow. - Choice B also has an incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, leading to an inaccurate path. - Choice D has the interlobar and interlobular arteries in the wrong order, deviating from the correct blood flow pathway.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Proximal convoluted tubule. Glucose reabsorption primarily occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule due to the presence of specialized glucose transporters. Step-by-step rationale: 1. Glucose is filtered in the glomerulus and enters the renal tubules. 2. In the proximal convoluted tubule, glucose is reabsorbed through sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLT) and facilitated diffusion via glucose transporters (GLUT). 3. The loop of Henle is primarily responsible for water and electrolyte reabsorption, not glucose. 4. The collecting duct mainly concentrates urine by reabsorbing water and electrolytes, not glucose. 5. The distal convoluted tubule is involved in fine-tuning electrolyte balance and regulating acid-base balance, not glucose reabsorption.