During an assessment interview, a patient diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease accompanied by frequent episodes of diarrhea says, "I’ve been using probiotics in small doses for about a week.” When the nurse assesses mental status, expected findings would be

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: intact cognitive function. When a patient with inflammatory bowel disease mentions using probiotics, it indicates self-care and awareness. Therefore, the expected finding for mental status would be intact cognitive function. Slow verbal responses (B) and slurred speech (D) are more indicative of neurological issues or medication effects. Paranoid thinking (C) is not directly related to the use of probiotics in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dendrites. Dendrites are the part of the neuron that receives signals from other neurons. They contain receptors that can detect neurotransmitters released by neighboring neurons. The signal is then transmitted through the cell body (soma) and along the axon to the axon terminals for further communication. Incorrect choices: A: Axon - The axon is responsible for transmitting the signal away from the cell body. B: Axon Terminal - The axon terminal releases neurotransmitters to communicate with the next neuron. D: Soma - The soma (cell body) integrates incoming signals but does not directly receive the signal from other neurons.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because an antagonist drug binds to postsynaptic receptors and blocks the normal action of the neurotransmitter. By blocking these receptors, the antagonist prevents the neurotransmitter from exerting its effects, effectively inhibiting its action. This results in a decrease or inhibition of the physiological response that would typically occur. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because: A: This describes an agonist drug, not an antagonist, as it mimics the effect of the neurotransmitter. B: This describes a drug that blocks auto receptor function, not an antagonist drug. C: This describes a drug that increases neurotransmitter synthesis, which is not related to the mechanism of action of an antagonist drug.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Carbamazepine is an enzyme inducer, specifically of CYP3A4 and CYP2C enzymes. It increases the metabolism of drugs metabolized by these enzymes, leading to decreased drug levels and potential therapeutic failure. Quinidine, Ketoconazole, and Amiodarone are not enzyme inducers, but rather enzyme inhibitors, which can increase drug levels and lead to toxicity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: GABA. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) is considered the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It works by reducing the activity of neurons, leading to a calming or inhibitory effect. Serotonin (A) and histamine (B) are involved in mood regulation and wakefulness, respectively, but they are not primarily inhibitory. Glutamate (C) is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, enhancing neuronal activity rather than inhibiting it.