Drug therapy should be based on the type of seizure and the epilepsy syndrome as well as on other individual factors. Of the following, the drug of first choice for focal seizurand epilepsiis

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Carbamazepine is the first-line drug for focal seizures, per ILAE, due to its sodium channel blockade targeting partial-onset epilepsy. Ethosuximide treats absence seizures, valproate generalized seizures, and lamotrigine is adjunctive. Carbamazepinefficacy and evidence base make A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Phenobarbital is the first-line drug for neonatal seizures, per AAP, due to its efficacy, safety, and long half-life stabilizing GABA receptors. Diazepam , midazolam , and lorazepam risk respiratory depression; phenytoin is second-line. Phenobarbitals evidence base makes C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Breath-holding spells, benign events, are managed with reassurance , iron therapy for anemia-related cases, and atropine rarely for pallid spells. Antiepileptic drugs are ineffective, as spells arent seizures. This mechanistic mismatch makes D the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: NF-2s hallmark is bilateral vestibular schwannomas , per NIH criteria, affecting ~90% of patients due to NF2 gene mutations. Intracranial lesions , cataracts , retinal hamartomas , and skin plaquare less frequent. Schwannomas prevalence makes A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Spastic quadriplegia is the most severe CP, affecting all limbs, trunk, and often cognition, from extensive brain damage (e.g., HIE). Diplegia spararms; hemiplegia one side; athetoid and dyskinetic focus on movement. Quadriplegias scope make B the correct answer.