Donald is a 61 y.o. man with diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is characterized by:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because diverticulitis typically presents with crampy pain in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen and a low-grade fever. This is due to inflammation or infection of the diverticula. A: Periodic rectal hemorrhage is more characteristic of diverticular bleeding, not diverticulitis. B: Hypertension and tachycardia are not typically associated with diverticulitis but may occur in severe cases or with complications. C: Vomiting and elevated temperature can occur but are not as specific to diverticulitis as the combination of symptoms described in option D.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Dentin and cementum are the two regions of a tooth that contain living cells. Dentin is the hard tissue beneath the enamel and cementum that forms the bulk of the tooth structure. It contains living cells called odontoblasts responsible for dentin formation. Cementum is the hard tissue covering the tooth root and is essential for anchoring the tooth in the jawbone. Cementum contains living cells called cementoblasts responsible for cementum formation. Therefore, both dentin and cementum are vital regions of a tooth that house living cells involved in tooth development and maintenance. A: Dentin and enamel - Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth and does not contain living cells. B: Anatomical crown and cementum - Anatomical crown is not a region of the tooth containing living cells. C: Enamel and cementum - Enamel does not contain living cells, only mineralized structures.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: chief or zymogenic cells. These cells are responsible for producing pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen into the gastric lumen. Endocrine cells (A) produce hormones like gastrin, mucous neck cells (B) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and parietal cells (D) secrete hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment for pepsinogen activation. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly produces pepsinogen.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal. The hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter controls the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion. If it does not relax, fat digestion would be impaired, leading to undigested fat in feces. A: Chyme is the semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive juices in the stomach, not affected by this sphincter. C: Starch and protein digestion mainly occur in the stomach and small intestine, not directly influenced by this sphincter. D: Chyme enters the large intestine after passing through the small intestine, not controlled by this sphincter directly.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: intercalated duct. The aqueous component of pancreatic juice is produced by intercalated ducts, which are responsible for secreting bicarbonate-rich fluid to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum. Other choices are incorrect because pancreatic islets (B) secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon, acinar cells (C) secrete digestive enzymes, and the duodenum (D) is the first part of the small intestine where pancreatic juice is delivered but not where it is produced.