Diseases that primarily involve the motor unit include:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding diseases that primarily involve the motor unit is crucial for providing comprehensive care. The correct answer is A) Werdnig-Hoffman disease, also known as spinal muscular atrophy type 1. This disease specifically affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Guillain-Barre syndrome (option B) is a disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, causing ascending paralysis but does not primarily involve the motor unit. Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (option C) is a genetic muscle disorder that affects the face, shoulders, and upper arms primarily, not just the motor unit. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (option D) is a hereditary neuropathy that affects the peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and sensory loss, but it does not primarily involve the motor unit. Educationally, differentiating between these diseases is essential as it aids in accurate diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies. Understanding the specific pathophysiology of each condition helps nurses and healthcare providers deliver individualized care to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders and motor unit involvement. By grasping these distinctions, caregivers can offer targeted interventions to improve outcomes and quality of life for children affected by these conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding the presenting signs of various disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this case, the correct answer is D) Medulloblastoma. Nystagmus is an involuntary eye movement that can be a presenting sign of medulloblastoma, a type of malignant brain tumor commonly found in children. This nystagmus is typically horizontal and can be indicative of increased intracranial pressure due to the location of the tumor affecting the cerebellum. Option A) Partial albinism is incorrect because nystagmus is not typically associated with this condition. Nystagmus in albinism is more commonly related to abnormal development of the visual pathways. Option B) Retinopathy of prematurity is also incorrect as nystagmus is not a typical presenting sign of this condition. Retinopathy of prematurity is a disorder of the developing retinal blood vessels in premature infants. Option C) Acute vestibulitis is incorrect as well, as nystagmus in this condition is usually associated with vertigo and balance issues related to inflammation of the vestibular nerve, not as a presenting sign of nystagmus. Understanding the specific presenting signs and symptoms of pediatric cardiovascular disorders is essential for nurses and healthcare professionals to provide timely and appropriate care to pediatric patients. Recognizing nystagmus as a potential sign of medulloblastoma can lead to early detection and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the diagnostic signs of child abuse is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of their pediatric patients. In this case, the correct answer is D) Posterior rib fractures. These fractures are concerning as they are highly specific for non-accidental trauma in infants and young children. Posterior rib fractures are often associated with significant force, such as squeezing or compressing the chest, which is indicative of physical abuse. Option A) Sub-hyaloid bleeding is more commonly associated with abusive head trauma, specifically shaken baby syndrome, rather than child abuse as a whole. Option B) Spiral fracture of a long bone is suggestive of non-accidental trauma, but it is more commonly seen in cases of physical trauma rather than child abuse specifically. Option C) Lacerated tongue is not a typical diagnostic sign of child abuse and is more likely related to accidental trauma or other medical conditions. Educationally, it is important for nursing students and healthcare professionals to be able to recognize the specific signs and symptoms of child abuse to intervene and protect vulnerable pediatric patients. Understanding the nuances of different types of injuries and their implications for child abuse assessment is essential in providing comprehensive and effective care for children who may be victims of abuse.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric pharmacology and nursing, understanding childhood autism is crucial for providing holistic care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, option A) "Is commoner in boys," is supported by epidemiological data which consistently show a higher prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in boys compared to girls. This gender difference in prevalence is an important factor to consider in early detection and intervention strategies. Option B) "Is characterised by extreme delay of social milestones" is not specific to autism alone as other developmental disorders may also present with delays in social milestones. Autism spectrum disorders encompass a wide range of symptoms beyond social delays. Option C) "Repetitive tasks are commonly performed" is a characteristic feature of autism spectrum disorders, however, it is not unique to autism and can be seen in other conditions as well. Option D) "Is characterised by extremely chaotic routines" is not a defining feature of autism. While some individuals with autism may have rigid routines, this is not a universal trait and may not be present in all cases. Educationally, understanding the nuances of childhood autism helps nurses and healthcare professionals in recognizing early signs, providing appropriate support, and collaborating effectively with interdisciplinary teams for comprehensive care. By differentiating the key features of autism from other developmental conditions, healthcare providers can tailor interventions to meet the specific needs of each child.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In childhood asthma, the correct answer is D) Spontaneous cure occurs before adolescence. This is because pediatric asthma often improves or resolves as children grow older due to various factors such as changes in airway structure, immune system development, and environmental exposures. Children may outgrow asthma symptoms, especially if they have mild or moderate forms of the condition. Option A is incorrect because while exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in asthma, not all patients experience it, and the percentage is not as high as stated. Option B is incorrect as hypercapnia (elevated carbon dioxide levels) typically occurs in severe asthma exacerbations but is not the first physiological disturbance in status asthmaticus. Option C is incorrect because infants can respond to bronchodilators, though care must be taken with dosages and administration methods. It is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with asthma to understand these nuances to provide appropriate and effective care. Understanding the natural course of childhood asthma is essential for nurses to educate families on prognosis, management strategies, and the importance of regular follow-ups with healthcare providers.