Diseases caused by E-coli are:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: E. coli causes urinary tract infections (UTI, common), neonatal meningitis (via birth canal), and diarrhea (enteropathogenic strains) all apply. This broad pathogenicity distinguishes E. coli's clinical impact, critical for infectious disease, contrasting with limited scopes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ureter constricts at pelvi-ureteric junction, iliac artery crossing (not gonadal), and intramural/bladder entry not ischial spine (pelvic landmark). This distinguishes ureteral anatomy, key for stone lodging, contrasting with skeletal misplacement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Medullary hyperosmolarity (countercurrent mechanism) relies on Na+ and urea, not glucose or K+ alone, for urine concentration. This distinguishes osmotic gradient, critical for water reabsorption, contrasting with single solutes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Type I RTA (distal) features profound hypocitraturia low citrate from acidosis promotes calcium stone formation, key factor. Calcium phosphate, not oxalate, dominates due to high urine pH wrong composition. Findings show hypokalemia and hyperchloremia, not hyperkalemia/hypochloremia electrolyte error. Proximal HCO₃ defect is Type II, not I distal H secretion fails. Hypocitraturia's role distinguishes Type I stone risk, critical for its pathophysiology, unlike stone type, labs, or segment errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare is non-tuberculous opportunistic, not TB-complex (e.g., lungs, not GU focus). Bovis, microti, and africanum are TB-complex cause tuberculosis, including GUTB. Avium intracellulare affects immunocompromised, not typical TB pathology. Non-TB status distinguishes it, key to mycobacterial classification, unlike TB-causing species.