Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding dilated cardiomyopathy is crucial for providing effective care to children with heart conditions. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by impaired contractility, which is the correct answer (A). This means the heart muscle is weakened and unable to pump blood effectively. Option B, normal ventricular size, is incorrect because dilated cardiomyopathy actually leads to enlargement of the heart chambers. Option C, dilated atrium, is incorrect because the dilation primarily affects the ventricles. Option D, abnormal relaxation, is incorrect because dilated cardiomyopathy is more associated with impaired contractility rather than relaxation abnormalities. Educationally, knowing these distinctions helps nurses accurately assess and manage pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of this condition can lead to prompt intervention and improved outcomes for children with heart failure. Understanding the pathophysiology behind dilated cardiomyopathy is essential for delivering safe and effective care in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Vitamin B12 deficiency. Macrocytosis is a condition characterized by larger than normal red blood cells. This occurs in Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis in red blood cell precursors, leading to larger and ineffective red blood cells. Option A) Sickle cell anemia is not associated with macrocytosis. Sickle cell anemia causes microcytosis, where red blood cells are smaller than normal due to the abnormal hemoglobin structure. Option B) Aplastic anemia is not associated with macrocytosis. Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow doesn't produce enough blood cells, leading to pancytopenia rather than macrocytosis. Option C) Congenital spherocytosis is not associated with macrocytosis. Congenital spherocytosis is a hemolytic anemia characterized by spherical-shaped red blood cells, not larger cells. Understanding the association between specific types of anemia and their corresponding red blood cell characteristics is crucial in pediatric nursing. Recognizing macrocytosis in Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia can guide appropriate diagnostic and treatment interventions to manage the condition effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the interpretation of a tuberculin skin test is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. A false positive result occurs when the test indicates tuberculosis infection when the individual is not actually infected. In this case, the correct answer is C) Infection with atypical mycobacteria. Atypical mycobacteria are non-tuberculosis mycobacteria that can cause infections similar to tuberculosis but do not cause true tuberculosis disease. These mycobacteria can cross-react with the tuberculin skin test, leading to a false positive result. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of this possibility, especially when interpreting tuberculin tests in regions where atypical mycobacterial infections are more common. Option A) Disseminated infection and option D) Active infection are incorrect because they both suggest true tuberculosis infection, which would not result in a false positive tuberculin test. Option B) Live viral vaccine is also incorrect as it does not relate to the mechanism of false positive tuberculin tests. Educationally, understanding the nuances of tuberculin testing and potential causes of false results is essential for pediatric nurses to accurately assess and manage tuberculosis infections in children. By knowing which conditions can lead to false positives, nurses can provide appropriate care and prevent unnecessary treatments based on incorrect test results.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Von Willebrand disease. Von Willebrand disease is a bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, which plays a crucial role in platelet adhesion and clot formation. Therefore, even though the platelet count may be normal, the prolonged bleeding time is a result of the impaired clotting mechanism due to the deficiency of von Willebrand factor. Option A) Hemophilia A is incorrect because hemophilia is a deficiency of specific clotting factors, usually factor VIII or IX, leading to prolonged bleeding time with a decreased platelet plug formation. Option C) Leukemia is incorrect as it is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, which may present with thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) leading to bleeding tendencies, but not with a normal platelet count and prolonged bleeding time. Option D) Hypersplenism is incorrect because it is a condition where the spleen removes blood cells, including platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia and increased bleeding risk, not a normal platelet count with prolonged bleeding time. Educationally, understanding the relationship between platelet function, clotting factors, and specific bleeding disorders is crucial in pediatric nursing practice. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of various bleeding disorders and their underlying pathophysiology is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management to provide optimal care for pediatric patients with bleeding disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Purely motor. Poliomyelitis is a viral infection that predominantly affects the motor neurons of the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness or paralysis. This paralysis is typically asymmetric and primarily affects the lower limbs. The virus selectively attacks the motor neurons, resulting in weakness without significant sensory deficits. Option A) Symmetrical paralysis is incorrect because polio paralysis is usually asymmetric, affecting one side of the body more than the other. Option B) Complete recovery is incorrect as polio can lead to long-term disabilities and in some cases, permanent paralysis. Option C) Associated with sensory loss is incorrect as polio primarily affects motor function, sparing sensory pathways. Understanding the characteristic signs of polio paralysis is crucial in pediatric nursing as it helps in early identification, appropriate management, and prevention of complications. By recognizing the specific features of polio paralysis, healthcare providers can provide targeted care and support to affected children, improving their outcomes and quality of life.