Dialysis is used to treat patients with:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys are unable to adequately filter waste from the blood. 2. Dialysis is a treatment used to perform the functions of the kidneys in patients with renal failure. 3. Dialysis helps remove excess waste, fluids, and toxins from the blood, maintaining proper electrolyte balance. 4. Patients with acute glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and pyelonephritis may not require dialysis as their conditions do not directly affect kidney function to the extent that renal failure does. Summary: - A: Acute glomerulonephritis does not always lead to renal failure requiring dialysis. - C: Nephrolithiasis is the formation of kidney stones and may not always require dialysis. - D: Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and may not necessarily lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Taking medication with meals can help to prevent stomach ulcers by reducing the direct contact of the medication with the stomach lining. Food acts as a buffer, decreasing the likelihood of irritation or ulcer formation. The other choices are incorrect because B: FALSE implies the opposite, C: Maybe lacks a clear stance, and D: Not mentioned does not provide any useful information to answer the question definitively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Adequate blood flow is essential for GFR as it ensures efficient filtration of blood in the glomerulus. 2. Adequate hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus is needed to push filtrate into the tubules. 3. If blood flow or hydrostatic pressure is inadequate, GFR will decrease. 4. Option A is incorrect as GFR primarily filters blood, not excretes waste products. 5. Option B is incorrect as increased permeability in the glomerulus leads to protein loss, not decreased. 6. Option D is incorrect as prostaglandins causing vasodilation would increase, not decrease, GFR. Summary: The correct answer is C because GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow and hydrostatic pressure. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the factors affecting GFR.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Upper UTI. This classification describes infection of the renal parenchyma, renal pelvis, and ureters, which are part of the upper urinary tract. In upper UTIs, the infection involves the kidneys (renal parenchyma), renal pelvis, and ureters, whereas lower UTIs typically involve the bladder (cystitis) and urethra. Complicated UTIs involve structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract, making treatment more challenging. Uncomplicated UTIs refer to infections in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tracts. Therefore, the description provided aligns with the characteristics of an upper UTI, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Pain with bladder filling that is transiently relieved by urination is a classic symptom of interstitial cystitis. This pattern of pain is due to inflammation of the bladder lining, which worsens as the bladder fills with urine and improves temporarily after urination. This finding is specific to interstitial cystitis and not typically seen in other conditions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: A: Residual urine greater than 200 mL is more indicative of bladder outlet obstruction or neurogenic bladder dysfunction, not specifically interstitial cystitis. B: A large, atonic bladder on urodynamic testing is suggestive of neurogenic bladder or bladder outlet obstruction, not interstitial cystitis. C: A voiding pattern indicating psychogenic urinary retention is more likely related to psychological factors affecting bladder function, not interstitial cystitis.