Diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children up to the age of 16 years requires the presence of at least

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts a child's ability to focus, control impulses, and regulate behavior. The correct answer, C, states that a diagnosis of ADHD in children up to age 16 requires the presence of at least 6 symptoms of inattention or 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least 6 months in two or more environments. This criterion aligns with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Option A is incorrect as it does not meet the required number of symptoms for diagnosis, which is set at 6. Option B also falls short of the necessary symptom count. Option D is incorrect because although it specifies 6 symptoms, the duration of at least 3 months is not in line with the diagnostic criteria of at least 6 months. Educationally, understanding the diagnostic criteria for ADHD is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric populations. By knowing the specific symptom count and duration required for diagnosis, healthcare professionals can accurately assess, diagnose, and provide appropriate interventions for children with ADHD. This knowledge ensures that children receive the necessary support and treatment to manage their symptoms effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric oncology, understanding the genetic characteristics of tumors like neuroblastoma is crucial for determining prognosis and guiding treatment decisions. In this case, the correct answer is B) hyperdiploidy. Hyperdiploidy in neuroblastoma is associated with a more favorable prognosis because it indicates a more differentiated and less aggressive tumor phenotype. Option A) amplification of the MYCN proto-oncogene is actually a negative prognostic factor in neuroblastoma, associated with high-risk disease and poorer outcomes. Option C) loss of heterozygosity of 17q chromosome and option D) loss of 1p chromosome are also negative prognostic factors in neuroblastoma, indicating more aggressive disease behavior and poorer outcomes. Educationally, understanding these genetic markers and their implications on neuroblastoma prognosis is essential for nurses and healthcare professionals caring for pediatric oncology patients. By grasping the significance of hyperdiploidy as a positive prognostic factor, medical professionals can better interpret diagnostic results, communicate effectively with families, and contribute to the comprehensive care of pediatric oncology patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C) one year. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced by the yolk sac and liver of a developing fetus. Physiologically, AFP levels are high during infancy due to its production by the fetal liver. However, AFP levels start to decrease gradually after birth and typically fall to the normal adult range by one year of age. This is due to the maturation and functional development of the liver in the first year of life. Option A) three months is incorrect because AFP levels are still expected to be elevated at this age as part of normal development. Option B) eight months is also too early for AFP levels to reach the normal adult range. Option D) three years is too late for AFP levels to normalize, as this process occurs much earlier in infancy. Educationally, understanding the normal developmental timeline of AFP levels is important in pediatric oncology for monitoring response to treatment in cases of malignant germ cell tumors. It also aids in differentiating normal physiological elevations from pathological conditions, improving clinical decision-making and patient care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) nasopharyngeal T-cell lymphoma. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be associated with certain malignancies, but not nasopharyngeal T-cell lymphoma. A) Burkitt lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma strongly linked to EBV infection. C) Carcinoma, a broad term for cancer arising from epithelial cells, can be associated with EBV, particularly nasopharyngeal carcinoma. D) Hodgkin lymphoma has been linked to EBV infection, especially in cases of nodular sclerosis subtype. Educationally, understanding the association between EBV and various malignancies is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics. This knowledge can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate management, and patient education. By grasping these connections, healthcare providers can provide better care for pediatric patients at risk for EBV-related malignancies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) myxopapillary ependymoma. Myxopapillary ependymomas are slow-growing tumors commonly found at the conus medullaris or filum terminale in the spine, which aligns with the symptoms described in the case. These tumors are typically associated with symptoms related to spinal cord compression, such as lower limb weakness, sensory deficits, and bladder dysfunction. Option A) medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor that arises in the cerebellum, not in the spinal cord as seen in the case. Option B) anaplastic astrocytoma is a type of high-grade glioma that arises from astrocytes in the brain, not in the spinal cord. Option D) choroid plexus carcinoma is a rare type of brain tumor typically found in the choroid plexus of the brain, not in the spinal cord. Educationally, understanding the specific locations and characteristics of different CNS tumors is crucial for healthcare professionals when diagnosing and managing pediatric patients. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the presenting symptoms and the likely anatomical location of the tumor to make an accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.